学术英语视听说1听力原文（部分）

学术英语视听说1听力原文（部分）

Lesson 1 Napoleon

Today, I’m going to talk to you about one of the most important historical figures in European history: Napoleon Bonaparte. Let ’s start by talking about his early life. Napoleon was born in 1769 on the island of Corsica. When he was only 10 years old, his father sent him to military school in France. Napoleon was not a very good student in most of his classes, but he excelled in mathematics and military science. When he was 16 years old,he joined the French army. In that year 1785,he began the military career that would bring him fame ,power,riches and finally defeat. Napoleon became a general in the French army at the young age of 24. Napoleon had many victories on the battlefield but he also became involved in French law and politics. And in 1804, at the age of 35,he became the first emperor of the France.

Napoleon was many things. He was, first of all, a brilliant military leader. His soldiers were ready to die for him. As a result, N.won many military victories. At one time he controlled most of Europe, but some countries, including England, Russia, and Austria fought fiercely against him. His defeat —“his end”came when he decided to attack Russia. In this military campaign against Russia, he lost most of his army.

The great French conqueror died alone – deserted by his family and friends in 1821. Napoleon was only 51 years old when he died.

Lesson 2 Pompeii

The lecture for this class is about the city of Pompeii. A natural disaster occurred there almost 2000 years ago.

Today many rich people who live in large metropolitan areas such as Beijing, Paris and New York leave the city in the summer. They go to the mountains or to the seashore to escape the city noise and heat.

2,000 years ago, wealthy Romans did the same thing.They left the city of Rome in the summer. Many of these wealthy Romans spent their summers in the city of Pompeii, a beautiful city, located on the Bay of Naples.

In the summer of the year 79 C.E., a young Roman boy who later became a very famous Roman historian was visiting his uncle in P.. The boy’s name was Pliny the Younger. One day Pliny was looking up at the sky. He saw a frightening sight. It was a very large dark cloud. This black cloud rose high into the sky. What Pliny saw was the eruption of the volcano called Mount Vesuvius.Rock and ash flew through the air. The city of P . was at the foot of Mt. V.. When the volcano first erupted, many people were able to get out of the city and to escape death. In fact, 18,000 people escaped the terrible disaster. Unfortunately, there was not enough time for everyone to escape. More than 2,000 people died. These unlucky people were buried alive under the volcanic ash.The eruption lasted for about 3 days. When the eruption was over, P . was buried under 20 feet of volcanic rock and ash. The city of P . was forgotten for almost 1,700 years.

In the year of 1748 an Italian farmer was digging on his farm. As he was digging, he uncovered a part of a wall of the ancient city of P.. Soon archaeologists began to dig in the area. As time went by, much of the ancient city of P. was uncovered. Today tourists come from all over the world to see the ruins of the famous city of Pompeii.

Lesson 3 Audio Track

The funniest story of m}'r traveling experience was w hen I came to the U.S. for the first time by myself. They lost my luggage and I didn't speak a word of English. I had to use my hands to explain myself. People understood xvhat I meant and they helped me out.

My recent trip to Africa was one of the most amazing trips of my life, This was my second trip to Tanzania, Africa. We visited a lot of villages, some very remote that we had to travel b} helicopter. In Tanzania, it's very different from America so there are no maps. So, even 2 2S traveling in a helicopter, we didn't really know where xve were going to go. We didn't really know the xillage names, so we just kind of had no destination and we got in the helicopter and just flew around. And if we saw some animals or some rooftops of hut houses, we said, "Let's go there" and we just kind of landed.

I have a lot of funny experiences on the airline as a flight attendant. But one of the funniest I could recall xvas, there was this passenger xvho had a toupee and one of my flight attendants was serving---l think---she was serving food---and she had this tray. And suddenly turbulence happened, and she lost her balance---and her hand landed on the guy's head,who had a

toupee. When she caught her balance again, the toupee kind of shifted, so his sideburns were on his forehead. And I had to control my laughter because you're not allowed to laugh.

Lesson 4 Roller Coaster

Let's talk about the physics involved in a ride on a roller coaster. I'm sure many of you have taken a ride on a roller coaster. A simple roller coaster consists of a frame with a track on it. The track is very much like a train track, this track goes over a series of hills and around curves. It follows a path that ends at the same place it started. A train of cars travels around on this track, very fast. The cars have two sets of wheels. One set of wheels rolls on top of the track, and the others set of wheels rolls below the track. The wheels below the track keep the fast moving cars from coming off the track, roller coaster cars as you probably know don't have any motors or engines. Instead, a chain pulls the cars up the first, tallest and steepy staff hill, this is how the ride begins. Then, at the top of the hill the chain comes off the cars and gravity takes over. gravity pushes the cars down the other side of the hill. the taller and steeper the first hill is, the faster the ride will be. And the farther the cars will travel. as the cars rolled downhill they gained speed. the cars have enough speed and energy to send them up the next hill. as the cars near the top of the second hill they begin to slow down. but then, the cars reached the top of that hill, and start down the other side. gravity again pushes them toward the ground. this process repeats on each hale. Okay, so let's go over this process again. first, the cars are pulled by a chain up the first highest hill. then they go down a very steep slope, at this point, there is enough energy to pull the cars up and over the next hill. when they reached the bottom of that hill, there is enough energy to climb the next hill, the roller coaster cars lose energy as the ride continues. so, the hills have to be smaller toward the end of the track, finally we roll to a stop on ground level right where we began.

Lesson 5 Language: How Children Acquire Theirs

What I’d lie to talk to you about today is the topic of child language development. I know that you all are trying to develop a second language, but for a moment, let’s think about a related topic, and that is: How children develop their first language.

What do we know about how babies develop their language and communication ability? Well, we know babies are able to communicate as soon as they are born,even before they learn to speak their first language. At first, they communicate by crying. This crying lets their parents know when they are hungry, or unhappy, or uncomfortable. However, they soon begin the process of acquiring their language. The first state of language acquisition begins just a few weeks after birth. At this stage, babies start to make cooing noises when they are happy. Then, around four months of age they begin to babble. Babies all over the world begin to babble around the same age, and they all begin to make the same kinds of babbling noises. Now, by the time they are ten months old, however, the babbling of babies from different language backgrounds sounds different. For example, the babbling of a baby in a Chinese-speaking home sounds different from the babbling of a baby in an English-speaking home. Babies begin a new stage of language development when they begin to speak their first words. At first, they invent their own words for things. For example, a baby in an English-speaking home may say ―baba for the word ―bottle or ―kiki for ―cat. In the next few months, babies will acquire a lot of words. These words are usually the names of things that are in the baby’s environment, words for food or toys, for example. They will begin to use these words to communicate with others. For example, if a baby holds up an empty juice bottle and then says ―juice, to his father, the baby seems to be saying, ―I want more juice, Daddy or ―May I have more juice, Daddy? This word ―juice is really a one-word sentence.

Now, the next stage of language acquisition begins around the age of 18 months, when the babies begin to say two-word sentences. They begin to use a kind of grammar to put these words together. The speech they produce is called ―telegraphic speech because the babies omit all but the most essential words. An English-speaking child might say something like ―Daddy, up which actually could mean ―Daddy, pick me up, please. Then, between two and three years of age, young children begin to learn more and more grammar. For example, they begin to use the past tense of verbs. The children begin to say things such as ―I walked home and ―I kissed Mommy. They also begin to overgeneralize this new grammar rule and make a log of grammar mistakes. For example, children often say such things as ―I goed to bed instead of ―I went to bed, or ―I eated ice cream instead of ―I ate ice cream. In other words, the children have learned the past tense rule for regular verbs such as ―walk and ―kiss, but they haven’t learned that they cannot use this rule for all verbs. Some verbs like ―eat are irregular, and the past tense forms for irregular verbs must be learned individually. Anyway, these mistakes are normal, and the children will soon learn to use the past tense for regular and irregular verbs correctly. The children then continue to learn other grammatical structures in the same way.

If we stop to think about it, actually it’s quite amazing how quickly babies and children all over the world learn their language and how similar the process is for babies all over the world.

Do you remember anything about how you learned your first language during the early years of your life? Think about the process for a minute. What was your first word? Was it ―mama or maybe ―papa? Now think also about the process of learning English as a second language. Can you remember the first word you learned in English? I doubt that it was ―mama. Now, think about some of the similarities and differences involved in the processes of child and adult language learning. We’ll talk about some similarities and differences in the first and second language learning processes tomorrow. See you then.

Lesson 7 Robots

When people think about a robot, they often picture a machine that looks something like a human being. However, that’s not always the case. Most robots do not look much like a human being at all, they look like machines because that’s what most of them are- industrial machines. 

   Today, Iam going to talk mostly about industrial robots used in industry. These are robots that do work that for humans would be physically demanding, repetitive, dangerous or very boring. Most industrial robots work on in an assembly line in a factory. For example, a robot might put liz on jars of fruits or start boxesfor shaping. In a car factory, robotic arms on an assembly line join the parts of a car together; other robots tighten the boats on the cars wheelsor paint the car. There are thousands of robots putting cars together in ___ plan. These robots are very precise when repeating a task. For example, they always tighten boats with the same exact amount of force. They always move a heavy engine to exactly where it should be and they always put ahold in the exact same place in every car door hour after hour. These are examples of robots doing the work humans could do but the robots are doing the work more efficiently and precisely. 

   So, just how do robots work? To do its job a robot first needs a control system. This control system directs the robots mechanical parts. The control system of a robot is sort of speak--a robot brain. So how does a robot learn which action to do first and which of its moving part needs to do that action? A robot learns its job with the help and guidance of a human being. To teach an industrial robot to do something, first a person must use a hand-held computer. The computer is used to guide the robots arm and hand through the motions it needs to do. Then, the robot stores exact movement in its computer memory. The robot has sensors to gather information, so now the robot will use its sensors to direct its actions. The robot tells its moving part what to do and then it performs the action. For example, to pick up and move a box, the robot first finds the box, next it decides the weight of the box. Then it decides how much force is needed to lift and move the box, and finally, it finds the correct place to put the box down. It repeats the process over and over until it's turned off. It does the same job until it is given the job and new program to follow. Some scientists think that robots of the future will be smarter than today's robots. They may also look more human like or even animal like. In fact, they may work and think more like humans do. The industrial robots we've been talking about so far today are automatic robots.  

They are known as automatic robots because they have program to follow a specific series of movement. Usually, they have parts that move but they really don't travel around. On the other hand, an autonomous machine can change itsbehavior in relation to its surroundings. For example, an autonomous robot with wheelsor legs to move around can change direction when it senses that there are something in its way. A robot such as …can detect the movement of people nearby. It can move to avoid bumping into sb. coming toward it. Asthma can even learn to dance by following the movements of a dancer next to it.  I don't know whether or when people would welcome autonomousmachines or human like robots. I guess that we will not only think about that in the future. We need to think about how we will interact with our global doctor: robal teacher, robal pet, or even our robal friend.

Lesson 8 A Tidal Wave

A tidal wave is a very large and very destructive wall of water that rushes in from the ocean towards the shore. Many scientists call these waves tsunami. In Japanese tsunami means “storm wave.” But do you know that tidal are not caused by storms and that they are not true tidal at all? A true tidal is the regular rise a waves and fall of ocean waters, at definite times each day, but a tidal wave comes rushing in suddenly and unexpectedly. A tidal wave is caused by an underwater earthquake. The word “seaquake” is made up of two words, the word “sea” which means “ocean” and the word “quake”. “To quake” means “to shake” or “to tremble.” When a seaquake takes place at the bottom of the ocean, the ocean floor shakes and trembles, and sometimes the ocean floor shifts. It is this shaking that produces the tidal wave. The tidal wave begins to move across the sea at great speed.

Tidal waves have taken many human lives in the past. Today scientists can predict when a tidal wave will hit land. They use a seismograph to do this. A seismograph is an instrument that records the strength, the direction, and the length of time of an earthquake or seaquake. It is not possible to hold back a tidal wave, but it is possible to warn people that a tidal wave is coming. This warning can save many lives.

Lesson 9 Levels of Language

Today I want to talk about levels of language usage. You probably have noticed that people express similar ideas in different ways, depending on the situation they are in. This is very natural. All languages have two general, broad categories, or levels of usage: a formal level and an informal level. English is no exception. I’m not talking about correct and incorrect English. What I’m talking about are two levels of correct English. The difference in these two levels is the situation in which you use a particular level. Formal language is the kind of language you find in textbooks, reference books such as encyclopedias, and in business letters. For example, a letter to a university would be in formal style. You would also use formal English in compositions and essays that you write in school. People usually use formal English when they give classroom lectures or speeches and at ceremonies such as graduations. We also tend to use formal language in conversations with persons we don’t know well or with people we have a formal relationship with, such as professors, bosses, doctors, friends of our parents’, strangers, etc. Informal language is used in conversations with colleagues, family and friends, and when we write personal notes or letters to close friends, as well as in diaries, etc.

Formal language is different from informal language in several ways. However, today I’m going to talk only about a couple of ways. First of all, formal language tends to be more polite. Interestingly, it usually takes more words to be polite. For example, I might say to a friend or family member, "Close the door, please", but to a stranger or someone in authority I probably would say "Would you mind closing the door" or "Excuse me, could you please close the door" Using words like "could" and "would" makes my request sound more polite, but also more formal.

Another difference between formal and informal language is some of the vocabulary. There are some words and phrases that belong in formal language and others that are informal. Let me give you a couple of examples of what I mean. Let’s say "I’m just crazy about soccer!" But if I were talking to my supervisor or a friend of my parents’, I would probably say "I really enjoy soccer" or "I like soccer very much". Let’s say I’m telling someone some news I heard about the police arresting a criminal. To my friend I might say "The cops bagged the crook". To my parents’ friend I might say "The police arrested the thief".

Although the line between formal and informal language is not always clear and although people are probably less formal today than in the past, it is useful to be aware that these two levels, or categories, do exist. The best way for a non-native speaker of English to learn the difference is to observe the different ways English speakers speak or write in different situations. Television newscasters, your college professors in class, your doctors in their offices, etc, will usually speak rather formally. However, your classmates, teammates, family members, friends, etc. will generally speak in an informal fashion. The difference can be learned over time by observing and interacting with native speakers.

Lesson 10 Power: The Kinds People Use and Abuse

John Mack, who is the author of a book about power, says that the need for a sense of personal power is one of the primary forces in human life. On the other hand, he also says that a feeling of powerlessness is one of the most disturbing of human emotions ―a feeling to be avoided at all costs. Just what is power?

Psychologists define power as the ability to determine or to change the actions or behavior of other people. Psychologists are trying to identify different kinds of power so that they can better understand how people use these different kinds of power to gain control over other people. They are trying to understand how people manipulate other people for good and evil purposes. Psychologists have identified five basic types of power, and I’d like to talk about each of these briefly in the next few minutes.

The first type of power is called information power. Some psychologist believe that information power is one of the most effective types of power and control. The person who has information that other people want and need, but do not have, is in a position of power. Why is this? Well, most people like to receive and have information. Having information increases a person’s own sense of power. People who provide information can manipulate those who do not have information. Often, when people receive information, they do not know that they are being manipulated by those who provided the information. The psychologist named Edwards says, for example, that newspapers provide a lot of information to their readers, and that these newspaper readers generally believe the information they read. Readers do not question the accuracy of the reports about world events they read in the newspapers.

A second type of power is called referent power. For example, a person may want to behave like the members of a particular group, such as a soccer team ( or a group of classmates), or a person may identify with and want to be like a certain teacher, a friend, or say , a rock star. If you identify with another person, that person has power over you, and that person can influence your actions and behavior. Many people imitate and are controlled by the people they identify with. Let me give you a sad example of the use of this type of power for evil purposes. In the 1970s in Jonestown, Guyana, more than 900 people committed suicide when their religious leader Jim Jones told them to kill themselves. They did what he told them to do because he had referent power over them. They identified with him; they believe him, and they did what he told them to do. More recently a man named David Koresh controlled the lives and destinies of a small community of men, women, and children in Waco, Texas. Most people in his community died in a fire, along with their leader, during a confrontation with U.S. government agents.

A third kind of power is classified as legitimate power. Government officials, according to Edwards, have a lot of legitimate power. When the government decides to raise taxes or make people go to war, most people will do what their government officials tell them to do. One psychologist reported on an experiment that showed an example of this type of power. In this experiment, a researcher asked people on the street to move away from a bus stop. When he was dressed as a civilian, few people moved away from the bus stop. When the researcher was dressed as a guard, most people moved away from the bus stop. The guard’s uniform seemed to give the researcher a look of legitimate power.

A fourth kind of power is called expert power. An expert is a person who is very skilled in some area, such as sports, or who knows a lot about something, such as computers. Most people are impressed by the skills or knowledge of an expert. Some of these “experts” use their skills at playing sports or knowing about computers to gain power and influence ―and to gain money or admiration, according to Edwards. In other words, they use their expertise to gain power.

Finally, reward or coercive power is used by people who have the power to reward or punish another person’s actions or behavior. Giving a reward will change people’s behavior because it offers people a chance for gain. Giving a punishment may or may not cause the people to do what the powerful person wants them to do, but the changes may not last for a long time. The person who uses coercive power may also have to carefully watch that the less powerful person does, in fact, change his or her actions or behavior.

To sum up, then, power may be gained in many ways. It may come from having information that other people want or need; it may come from being a referent for other people to identify with or to imitate; it may come from having an official, or legitimate, position of authority; it may come from having skills or expertise; or it may come from having the power to reward or punish people. We all exercise one or more of these various kinds of power over other people, and other people will try to exercise one or more of these kinds of power over us throughout our lives.

Lesson 11  Asian and African Elephants: Similarities and Differences 

The African and the Asian elephants are the largest land animals in the world. They are really enormous animals. The African and the Asian elephants are alike, or similar, in many ways, but there are differences between the 2 types of elephants, too. 

What are some of the similarities between the African and the Asian elephant? Well, for one thing, both animals have long noses, called trunks. An elephant sometimes uses its trunk like a third hand. Both kinds of elephants use their trunks to pick up very small objects and very large, heavy objects. They can even pick up trees with their trunks. For another thing, both the African and the Asian elephants have very large ears, although the African elephant’s ears are considerably larger.   

In addition, both animals are intelligent. They can be trained to do heavy work. They can also be trained to do tricks to entertain people. In other words, they both work for people, and they entertain people also. 

As I said before, the African and Asian elephants are alike in many ways, but they are also quite different, too. Let me explain what I mean. The African elephant is larger and heavier than the Asian elephant. Asian elephants reach a height of about 10 feet, and African elephants reach about 13 feet tall.

The African male elephant weighs between 12,000 and 14,000 pounds. In contrast, the average Asian male elephant weighs between 7,000 and 12,000 pounds. So one is bigger than the other, but as you can see,both are still enormous animals.

Another  difference between the 2 kinds of elephants is the size of the ears. Asian elephants have smaller ears than African elephants .  The African elephant has 2 very large teeth. These teeth are called tusks. The Asian elephant however sometimes does not have any tusks at all. The elephants differ in color, too. The African elephant is dark gray in color while the Asian elephant is light gray. Occasionally an Asian elephant is even white ! The last big difference between the 2 typesof elephants is their temperament. The Asian elephant is tamer than the African elephant, or in another way, the African elephant is much wilder than the Asian elephant. As a result, it’s more difficult to train the African elephant to perform tricks to entertain people. That’s why the elephants you see in the circus are probably Asian elephants and not African elephants.

Yes, there certainly are differences between the African and the Asian elephants, but as I mention at the start of my tall, there is one big similarity between the 2 animals: they are both fascinating and enormous animals.  

本文来源：https://www.2haoxitong.net/k/doc/628250a226d3240c844769eae009581b6ad9bdee.html