第一讲 五种基本句型
一．句子是由主语、谓语动词、表语、宾语、宾语补足语等组成的，依其组合方式可分为五种基本句型， 句子成分的表示法 S： Subject（主语） V：Verb（动词） O： Object（宾语） P：Predicative（表语） OC： Object Complement（宾语补足语）
二．五种基本句型
种类 句型 主语 谓语部分
第1种 S+V We work.(不及物) 第2种 S+V+O He plays(及物) the piano 第3种 S+V+P We are(系动词) students 第4种 S+V+ ino (间接宾语) +DO(直接宾语) She gave(及物) me a pen 第5种 S+V+O+OC He made(及物) the boy laugh 第1种句型：主语+不及物动词：S+V Birds fly.鸟飞.
主语 谓语(不及物动词) 地点状语He runs in the park.他在公园里跑. 此句型是“主语+不及物动词”构成句子的主体部分。因为是不及物动词，后面当然不能带宾语了，但是可以有状语来修饰。例如上面例句中的 in the park，是地点状语。 Class begins.（begin在句中是不及物动词） 开始上课。 比较 we begin Our class at eight. 我们八点钟开始上课。 该句属于第2种句型，begin在句中是及物动词，由此可见有些动词既可作及物动词也可以作不及物动词。 只能当不及物动词的词 sleep 睡觉 walk 步行 swim 游泳 happen（take place）发生 go去 come来
work 工作 laugh 笑 stay呆在…… arrive 到达
第2种句型：主语+及物动词+宾语：S+V+O My father read the book.我父亲读过那本书. 主语 谓语 (及物动词) 宾语 有些不及物动词后面加上介词就可把它看成一个及物动词，后面就可以加宾语了。 You must listen to me. 你必须听我的。 （Listen是不及物动词。但加上to之后，Listen to可以看成一个及物动词） 有宾语的动词是及物动词，可当宾语者有名词和名词的相当语（如代词、不定式、动名词……）。 She likes English.（名词作宾语） 她喜欢英语。 I know him very well.（代词作宾语） （同第一种句型一样，本句型可以有状语、定语修饰） 我非常了解他。
They want to go.（不定式作宾语） 他们想走。 He stopped writing.（动名词作宾语） 他停下笔。 第3种句型：主语+系动词+表语：S+V+P He became a scientist.他成为一个科学家了. 主语 谓语 (系动词) 表语
be动词和become是英语中常见的系动词，后面必须接表语，才能用来说明主语，表示“……是……”，“……变成……”等意思。 表语通常是名词或形容词等。 They are honest. 他们是诚实的。 He became a scientist. 他成为了一个科学家。 His face goes red. 他的脸变红了。 It grew dark. 天变黑了。 在英语中，除了be动词和become属于系动词外，还有一些实义动词，当表示状态存在或表示状态变化时也可以作系动词。 这些词有： keep 保持 look看起来 fell 觉得 smell 闻起来 sound 听起来 taste 尝起来 grow， get，go， turn 变得 第4种句型：主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语 He gave Tom a present.他给汤姆一件礼物. 主 谓(及物) 宾(间接) 宾(直接)
Give it to me. 把它给我. 谓(及物) 宾(直接) 宾(间接) 1.及物动词作谓语时，后面要跟宾语，宾语分直接宾语和间接宾语。直接宾语是及物动词的直接对象（参见第2种句型）。但有些动词，除了直接宾语外，还要求一个间接宾语，这个间接宾语通常是及物动词的动作所及的人或物，也可以说是间接宾语表示动作是对谁做的，或是为谁做的，所以只能是名词或宾格代词担当。 We sent them a telegram. 我们给他们打了个电报。主 谓 宾(间接) 宾(直接) 常带双宾语（直接宾语和间接宾语）的动词（分为A、B两类） A：动词后加to give 给 show给……看 send寄，打电报 bring带…… read读……
pass递给…… lend借给…… leave留给…… hand交给…… tell告诉…… return把……还给… write给……写信 throw扔…… promise答应…… refuse 拒绝 B：动词后加for make生产，制造…buy买 do做 get得到 play演奏 order命令 sing唱歌 pay为…交钱 2 间接宾语通常位于直接宾语之前，但当直接宾语是人称代词，间接宾语是名词时，或两个宾语都是人称代词时，间接宾语位于直接宾语之后，这时在间接宾语前必须加to或for。 I pass it to my mother. 我把它递给我妈妈. 直接宾语(人称代词) 间接宾语(名词) She threw them to me. 她把它们扔给我. 直接宾语 间接宾语(都是人称代词) 注意 有时为了强调间接宾语，也采用此句型。 Give the book to me. 直接宾语(名词) 间接宾语(代词) 把这本书给我。（间接宾语放在句尾为了强调，强调给我而不要给别人） 3.由to或for引超的短语，在意思上没什么差别。在这部分中属于A类的动词后的间接宾语，基本上都可以换为由to引起的短语（见上例），而B类动词后的间接宾语，一般都换为由for引起的短语。 He will buy me some books. =He will buy some books for me. 他将买一些书给我。 She made me a cake. =She made a cake for me. 她给我做糕点。 He gave me a pen. =He gave a pen to me. 他把钢笔给我。 辨别正误 （×）I sent him it. （○）I sent it to him. 我把它送给他。 .S+V+O（人）+O（物）→＜疑问词+ to～＞ 主语+及物动词+间接宾语+疑问词+to～（不定式） He taught me how to read the word. 他教我如何读这个单词。主 动 宾(间接) 宾(直接) I told him what to do.我告诉他做什么。 He asked me why to sing this song. 他问我为什么唱这支歌。 She asked me which way to go. 她问我走哪条路。 注意 第4种句型变为被动语态，有两种情况： We sent them a telegram. 我们给他们打了一个电报。 被动语态： A： They were sent a telegram. 他们收到了一份电报。 B：A telegram was sent to them. 一份电报发给了他们。 第5种句型：主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语=S+V（及物）+O+OC We call her Connie.我们叫她康妮. 主 谓(及物) 宾 宾补(名词) 1.在某些及物动词后面，需要用一个宾语再加一个宾语的补语才能表达完00整的意思。这样宾语和宾语补足语称为复合宾语。名词、形容词和不定式都可以做宾语补足语。 They made her happy. 他们使她幸福. 主 谓(及) 宾 宾补(形容词) I saw her dance. 我看见她跳舞了. 主 谓 宾 宾补(不定式) 2.常跟复合宾语的动词有：Call，name，make，think，find， leave。 I will make you captain.我将让你当船长。 I found the movie interesting. 我觉得这部电影很有意思。 He left the window open.他让这个窗户开着。 3.在see， watch， look at， listen to， hear， feel，let， make（使得），have（使得）这 些动词后的宾语补足语如果是不定式担当，则省去“to”。但变为被动语态时“to”还原。 He listened to the pianist play the piano. 他注意听这位钢琴家弹钢琴。 被动：The pianist was listened to play the piano.（详见第十四章：不定式） 这种句型变为被动语态时，只有一种句式。 I will make you king. →You will be made king.（被动） 我将使你成为国王。 6 第4种句型和第5种句型（双宾语和复合宾语）的比较 （1）He gave me a book.（双宾语）他给我一本书。
（2） He calls me Tom.（复合宾语）他叫我汤姆。 例（2）中的宾语me（我），和宾语补足语Tom（汤姆），可以成为逻辑上的主谓关系，即“我是汤姆”。但例（1）则不可以，不能想像为“我是一本书”，所以双宾语没有逻辑上的主谓关系。凭这一点，我们就可以很容易的区分开它们了。 He made the boy laugh.他使男孩笑. 主 谓 宾 宾补 （宾语the boy和后边的成分laugh，可以想像为“男孩笑”，即可以成为一句话，也就是逻辑上的主谓关系，而不是真正的主谓关系，这样，可以肯定“laugh”是宾补。） She bought me a pen.她买给我一支笔。 （宾语me（我）和后面的词a pen（一支笔）不可能成为逻辑上的主谓关系，不可能想像为“我是一支笔”，所以就是双宾语。）
第二讲 英语词性的分类及用法
一、词性的分类
词类又叫词性，英语单词根据其在句子中的功用，可以分成十个大类。
1 名词 noun n. student 学生
2 代词 pronoun pron. you 你3 形容词 adjective adj. happy 高兴的
4 副词 adverb adv. quickly 迅速地5 动词 verb v. cut 砍、割
6 数词 numeral num. three 三7 冠词 article art. a 一个
8 介词 preposition prep. at 在...
9 连词 conjunction conj. and 和
10 感叹词 interjection interj. oh 哦前六类叫实词，后四类叫虚词。
二、名词
名词概论
名词复数的规则变化
名词的格
在英语中有些名词可以加"'s"来表示所有关系，带这种词尾的名词形式称为该名词的所有格，如：a teacher's book。名词所有格的规则如下：
1） 单数名词词尾加"'s"，复数名词词尾没有s，也要加"'s"，如the boy's bag 男孩的书包，men's room 男厕所。
2） 若名词已有复数词尾-s ，只加"'"，如：the workers' struggle工人的斗争。
3） 凡不能加"'s"的名词，都可以用"名词+of +名词"的结构来表示所有关系，如：the title of the song 歌的名字。
4） 在表示店铺或教堂的名字或某人的家时，名词所有格的后面常常不出现它所修饰的名词，如：the barber's 理发店。
5） 如果两个名词并列，并且分别有's，则表示"分别有"；只有一个's，则表示'共有'。
如：John's and Mary's room（两间）John and Mary's room（一间）
6） 复合名词或短语，'s 加在最后一个词的词尾。 如：a month or two's absence
三、代词
代词pronoun简称pron是代替名词的一种词类。大多数代词具有名词和形容词的功能。英语中的代词，按其意义、特征及在句中的作用分为：人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、反身代词、相互代词、疑问代词、关系代词、连接代词和不定代词九种
人称代词的用法：
I saw her with them, at least, I thought it was her.
我看到她和他们在一起，至少我认为是她。（her做宾语，them做介词宾语，her作主补）
a. -- Who broke the vase?--谁打碎了花瓶？
b. -- Me.--我。（me作主语补语= It's me.）
并列人称代词的排列顺序
1) 单数人称代词并列作主语时，其顺序为：
第二人称 －> 第三人称 －> 第一人称you －> he/she; it -> I
2) 复数人称代词作主语时，其顺序为：
第一人称 －> 第二人称 －> 第三人称we－>you －>They
反身代词
1）
指示代词
指示代词分单数（this / that）和复数（these / those）两种形式，既可作限定词又可做代词，
疑问代词
指人： who, whom, whose指物： what既可指人又可指物： which
代词比较辩异one, that和it
one表示泛指，that和it 表示特指。that与所指名词为同类，但不是同一个，而it 与所指名词为同一个。
I can't find my hat. I think I must buy one.(不定)
The hat you bought is bigger than that I bought.(同类但不同个)
I can't find my hat. I don' t know where I put it.( 同一物)
四、冠词
冠词是印欧语系和闪含语系的诸语中，位于名词或名词词组之前或之后，在句子里主要是对名词起限定作用的词。冠词是一种虚词。
不定冠词a (an)与数词one 同源，是"一个"的意思。
定冠词的用法
定冠词the与指示代词this，that同源，有"那（这）个"的意思。
1）特指双方都明白的人或物：Take the medicine.把药吃了。
2）上文提到过的人或事： He bought a house. I've been to the house.
3）指世上独一物二的事物：the sun， the sky， the moon， the earth
4）单数名词连用表示一类事物，如：the dollar 美元;
the fox 狐狸；或与形容词或分词连用，表示一类人：the rich 富人; the living 生者。
5）用在序数词和形容词最高级，及形容词only， very， same等前面：
Where do you live? I live on the second floor.你住在哪？我住在二层。
6）与复数名词连用，指整个群体：
They are the teachers of this school.指全体教师)
They are teachers of this school.(指部分教师)
7）表示所有，相当于物主代词，用在表示身体部位的名词前：
She caught me by the arm..她抓住了我的手臂。
8）用在某些由普通名词构成的国家名称、机关团体、阶级、等专有名词前：
the People's Republic of China中华人民共和国
9）用在表示乐器的名词之前：She plays the piano.她会弹钢琴。
10) 用在姓氏的复数名词之前，表示一家人：the Greens格林一家人 (或格林夫妇)
11) 用在惯用语中：
in the day, in the morning (afternoon，evening),the day after tomorrow
the day before yesterday, the next morning, in the sky (water，field，country)
in the dark, in the rain, in the distance, in the middle (of),in the end,
on the whole, by the way, go to the theatre
零冠词的用法
冠词与形容词+名词结构
1) 两个形容词都有冠词，表示两个不同东西。
He raises a black and a white cat.他养了一只黑猫和一只白猫。
2) 如后一个形容词无冠词，则指一物。
He raises a black and white cat.他养了一只花猫。
冠词位置
1) 不定冠词位置 不定冠词常位于名词或名词修饰语前。注意：
a. 位于下列形容词之后： such，what，many，half，
such an animal； Many a man
b. 当名词前的形容词被副词as, so, too, how, however, enough修饰时，不定冠词应放在形容词之后：It is as pleasant a day as I have ever spent.
c. quite，rather与单数名词连用，冠词放在其后。
但当rather，quite 前仍有形容词，不定冠词放其前后均可。如：quite a lot
d. 在as，though 引导的让步状语从句中，当标语为形容词修饰的名词时，不定冠词放形容词后： Brave a man though he is，he trembles at the sight of snakes.
当名词被比较级形容词修饰时，不定冠词通常置于比较级形容词之后。
2) 定冠词位置 定冠词通常位于名词或名词修饰语前，但放在all， both，double，half，twice，three times等词之后，名词之前。
All the students in the class went out.班里的所有学生都出去了。
五、数词
表示数目多少的数词叫基数词；表示顺序的数词叫序数词。
数词的用法
1）倍数表示法
a. 主语+谓语+倍数（或分数）+ as + adj. + as
I have three times as many as you.我有你三倍那么多。
b. 主语+谓语+倍数（分数）+ the size (amount，length…) of…
The earth is 49 times the size of the moon.地球是月球的49倍。
c. 主语+谓语+倍数（分数）+ 形容词（副词）比较级+ than…
The grain output is 8 percent higher this year than that of last year.
d. 还可以用by+倍数，表示增加多少倍
The production of grain has been increased by four times this year.
2）分数表示法
构成：基数词代表分子，序数词代表分母。分子大于1时，分子的序数词用单数，分母序数词用复数：1/3 one-third ； 3/37 three and three-sevenths
六、形容词及其用法
形容词(adjective)，简称adj.或a.，很多语言中均有的主要词类中的一种。主要用来修饰名词的词，表示事物的特征。形容词用来修饰名词或代词，表示人或事物的性质、状态，和特征的程度好坏，与否。
形容词作定语修饰名词时，要放在名词的前边。但是如果形容词修饰以-thing为字尾的词语时，要放在这些词之后，例如：
something nice
以-ly结尾的形容词
1）friendly，deadly，lovely，lonely，likely，lively，ugly，brotherly，仍为形容词。
2）有些以-ly 结尾既为形容词，也为副词。
daily，weekly，monthly，yearly，early
The Times is a daily paper. The Times is published daily.
用形容词表示类别和整体
某些形容词加上定冠词可以泛指一类人，与谓语动词的复数连接。如：the dead，the living，the rich，the poor，the blind，the hungry
多个形容词修饰名词的顺序
限定词--数词--描绘词--(大小，长短，形状，新旧，颜色) --出处--材料性质，类别--名词
a small round table；a tall gray building；a dirty old brown shirt；a famous German medical school
典型例题:
1） Tony is going camping with ___ boys.
A. little two other B. two little other C. two other little D. little other two答案：C。
2)One day they crossed the ____bridge behind the palace.
A. old Chinese stone B. Chinese old stone C. old stone Chinese D. Chinese stone old答案A.
3) ---- How was your recent visit to Qingdao?
---- It was great. We visited some friends，and spent the ___days at the seaside.
A. few last sunny B. last few sunny C. last sunny few D. few sunny last答案：B。
七、副词及其基本用法
副词（adverb，简写为adv）是一种用来修饰动词、形容词、全句的词，说明时间、地点、程度、方式等概念的词。副词是一种半虚半实的词。副词可分为：地点副词、方式副词、程度副词、疑问副词和连接副词。
副词的排列顺序：
时间，地点副词，小单位的在前，大单位在后。
注意：副词enough要放在形容词的后面，形容词enough放在名词前后都可。
I don't know him well enough.
There is enough food for everyone to eat. There is food enough for everyone to eat.
兼有两种形式的副词
1) close与closely
close意思是"近"； closely 意思是"仔细地"
He is sitting close to me. Watch him closely.
2)late 与lately
late意思是"晚"； lately 意思是"最近"
You have come too late. What have you been doing lately?
形容词与副词的比较级
1) 规则变化
可修饰比较级的词
a bit, a little, rather, much, far, by far, many, a lot, lots, a great deal, any, still, even等
典型例题:
1）---- Are you feeling ____?
---- Yes，I'm fine now.
A. any well B. any better C. quite good D. quite better
答案：B. any 可修饰比较级，quite修饰原级，well的比较级为better.
2）The experiment was____ easier than we had expected.
A. more B. much more C. much D. more much
答案：C. much可修饰比较级，因此B，C都说得通，但easier本身已是比较级，不需more，因此C为正确答案。
3）If there were no examinations, we should have ___ at school.
A. the happiest time B. a more happier time
C. much happiest time D. a much happier time答案：D。
典型例题
1）The weather in China is different from____.
A. in America B. one in America C. America D. that in America
答案：D. 本题意为"中国的天气比美国热。"比较的是天气而不是国家，C不能选。A没有名词，后句成分不全，排除。B和D中，B中的one常用来代替可数名词，而that可车以代替不可数或抽象名词，所以选D。
2）After the new technique was introduced，the factory produced ___ tractors in 1988 as the year before. A. as twice many B. as many twice C. twice as many D. twice many as
答案C. 此句意为"这个厂1988能生产的拖拉机是往年的两倍"。 表示倍数用"倍数+ as + 形容词原形+ as +比较对象"的句型。所以此句答案为C。
This ruler is three times as long as that one
八、动词
动词根据其后是否带有宾语，可分为两类，分别是：及物动词（Transitive Verb）、不及物动词（Intransitive Verb），缩写形式分别为vt. 和vi.。
在英语中按动词后可否直接跟宾语，可以把动词分成两种：及物动词与不及物动词。 及物动词 vt. 字典里词后标有vi. 的就是不及物动词。不及物动词后不能直接跟有动作的对象（即宾语）。若要跟宾语，必须先在其后添加上某个介词，如to,of ,at后方可跟上宾语。 及物动词： 又称“他动词”。又称“外动词”。动词的一种。它所表示的动作常涉及动作者以外的事物，如“吃”、“穿”、“读”、“写”等。字典里词后标有vt. 的就是及物动词。及物动词后必须跟有动作的对象（即宾语），并且可直接跟宾语。
不及物动词：字典里词后标有vi. 的就是不及物动词。不及物动词后不能直接跟有动作的对象（即宾语）。若要跟宾语，必须先在其后添加上某个介词，如to,of ,at后方可跟上宾语。具体每个动词后究竟加什么介词就得联系动词短语了
系动词
1）状态系动词：用来表示主语状态，只有be一词，例如：He is a teacher.
2）持续系动词：用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep, rest, remain, stay, lie, stand, 例如：He always kept silent at meeting.他开会时总保持沉默。
3）表像系动词：用来表示"看起来像"这一概念，主要有seem, appear, look, 例如：
He looks tired.他看起来很累。
4）感官系动词：感官系动词主要有feel, smell, sound, taste, 例如：
This kind of cloth feels very soft. This flower smells very sweet.
5）变化系动词：这些系动词表示主语变成什么样，变化系动词有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run. 例如：He became mad after that.自那之后，他疯了。
6）终止系动词：表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove, turn out, 表达"证实"，"变成"之意，例如：The search proved difficult.搜查证实很难。
非谓语动词
1）不定式
2）动名词
3）分词
否定形式： not +不定式，not + 动名词，not + 现在分词
十、连词
连词是一种虚词， 它不能独立担任句子成分而只起连接词与词，短语与短语以及句与句的作用。连词主要可分为两类：并列连词和从属连词。并列连词用来连接平行的词、词组和分句。如：and, but, or, nor, so, therefore, yet, however, for, hence, as well as, both…and, not only…but also, either…or, neither…nor, (and)then等等。
not…but… 意思为"不是……而是……" not 和but 后面的用词要遵循一致原则。
They were not the bones of an animal, but (the bones) of a human being.
比较so和 such
其规律由so与such的不同词性决定。such 是形容词，修饰名词或名词词组，so是副词，只能修饰形容词或副词。so 还可与表示数量的形容词many，few，much， little连用，形成固定搭配。
so + adj. such + a(n) + n.
so + adj. + a(n) + n. such + n. (pl.)
so + adj. + n. (pl.) such +n. (pl.)
so + adj. + n. [不可数] such +n. [不可数]
so foolish ；such a fool so nice a flower；such a nice flower
so many/ few flowers；such nice flowers so much/little money；such rapid progress
so many people ；such a lot of people
十一、介词
介词是一种用来表示词与词、词与句之间的关系的虚词，在句中不能单独作句子成分。介词后面一般有名词代词或相当于名词的其他词类，短语或从句作它的宾语。介词和它的宾语构成介词词组，在句中作状语，表语，补语或介词宾语。介词可以分为时间介词、地点介词、方式介词、原因介词和其他介词，
一、概念:
1） 介词（是prepositions，简称prep)，又称前置词，是英语中最活跃的词类之一，连接主语和表语。特别是一些常用介词的搭配力特别强，可以用来表示各种不同的意思。英语里大部分习语都是由介词和其他词构成的。介词在句中一般不重读。在定语从句“介词+who/which”的结构中，不能用that 代替who/which。She is a good student from who we should learn.
2）介词的种类 介词分简单介词和短语介词两种，简单介词及单个介词，如 in ,under ,on ,for ,after ,等，短语介词指多个单词构成的介词，如in front of ,out of ,instead of ,far from ,apart from 等。
二.相关知识点精讲
介词口诀：自从以当为按照，由于对于为了到；和跟把比在关于，除了同对向往朝；用在名词代词前，修饰名代要记牢。.
省略介词的几种情况
1、表示时间的短语中如果有next，last，one，this，every，each，some，any，all等单词时，不用介词
Can you come to see me next Monday？下周一你能来看我吗？
We got married last year 我们去年结的婚。
You can come any day you like 你哪一天来都行。
2、在口语中，星期名称前得on常被省略
Why don’t you come and play（on）Sunday evening？星期日晚上到我家来玩不好吗？
3、在不定冠词a或an（a或an的意思是“每一......”）的短语中，不用介词。
three meals a day 一日三餐
thirty miles an hour 每小时三十英里
4、在what time前的at经常被省略，尤其在口语中。
（At）what time did she say she was coming？她说她几点钟来？
5、含有height（高度），length（长度），size（尺码），shape（现状），age（年龄），colour（颜色），weight（重量）等词语在句子中做表语时，短语前不用介词。
She is just the right height to be a model 她的身高正合适当模特。
What size are your shoes？ 你的鞋是多大号的？
Her bag is the same color as mine 她的包和我的包颜色一样
6、在in the same way，in this way，in another way等短语中，in常常被省略
Please try it again （in）the same way 请用同样的方法再试一次
7、在表示持续一段时间的短语中，for常被省略
They stayed there （for）six months 他们在那里待了6个月
第三讲 时态
一般现在时
一般现在时通常用动词原形表示，但当主语是第三人称单数（he, she, it, Tom）时需要在在动词原形后面加-e或-es.如：
一般现在时的基本用法
1.表示主语现在的特征和状态，通常不用时间状语。
He is twelve, she is at home. She likes bread.
2. 表示经常发生、反复发生的动作。这种用法中与always, usually, often, sometimes, hardly ever, never, once a week等频度副词连用。
She often goes to the movies on weekends.
--How often do you watch TV?
--I watch TV every day.
--What time does he eat breakfast?
--He eats breakfast at seven o’clock.
--When is your birthday?
--My birthday is January 15th.
3.表示客观真理、科学事实、格言等。
The sun always rises in the east.太阳总是从东方升起。
The teacher said that the earth goes around the sun.
4.一般现在表示将来时。
①. 表示按时间表拟定的或安排好，到时就发生的事情或动作。
The train arrives at 10:30. There is plenty of time.火车十点三十分到达，还有充足的时间。
She comes back next week.她下周会回来。
②在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中。
I will discuss this with you when we meet next time.下次见面时咱们再讨论。
If he arrives, please give me a phone call.
现在进行时
构成：be(am, is are)+现在分词。
现在进行时的基本用法
(1).表示说话时正在进行的动作，常与now, at the moment等连用。有时句首有look, listen等。
What are doing?
I am watching TV.
(2).表示当前一段时间内的活动或现阶段正在进行的动作。
We are working on a farm these days.
I am writing a book this month.
(3).现在进行时可以表示按计划、安排将要发生的动作，尤其是一些表示位置移动的词，如come, go, leave, start, arrive.等句中往往有表示将来的时间状语，如tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, next week等
--What are you doing for vacation?
--I am babysitting my sister.
--When are they going?
--They’re going next week.
一般将来时
(1).助动词will/shall+动词原形
表示将来某个时间要发生的动作或存在的状态，也表示将来经常或反复发生的动作，常常带有表示将来的时间状语，如：tomorrow, next week, in two days, in the future, from now on等
We will come to see you next week.
Do you think there will be robots in people’s home?
表示事情的必然性。
It will be Tuesday tomorrow.
I will 18 years old next year.
(2).be going to+动词原形
表示按计划、安排，打算要做的事情，或者有迹象表明将要发生的事情。
I am going to check my e-mail this evening.
It is going to rain.
(3)现在进行时表示将来时（见上述）
(4).一般现在时表示将来时(见上述)
(5).be to do结构表示将来
这种结构表示计划中约定的活按职责、义务、要求必须做的事情或即将发生的动作。
My dream is to be a great scientist.
Your homework is to be handed in next Monday.你的作业下周一必须交上。
(6).be about to表将来
这一结构表示马上要发生的事情，不强调主观，一般不与具体的时间状语连用。
Be quiet. The film is about to start.安静，电影马上开始了。
一般过去时
一般过去时是由动词的过去式来表示的。一般过去时表示过去某一具体时间发生的动作或存在的状态。
动词的过去式的构成分为规则与不规则两类。规则动词的过去式构成如下
现在完成时
构成：助动词have/has+过去分词
①表示过去发生的动作，对现在造成的结果或影响。常与already, just, yet, in the last few years, so far,
--Have you had your lunch yet?
--yes, I have. I have just had it.（现在我不饿了）
I have already posted the photos.(这些照片已不在这里了)
② 表示动作或状态从过去某个时间开始，一直延续到现在，可能刚刚结束，也可能继续下去。常与for, since引导的时间状语连用，可以用how long提问，谓语动词用延续性动词。
I have known Li Ming for three years. They have lived here since 1996.
She has taught us since I came to this school. How long have you worked in this factory?
★注意：1）since和for的区别
since后接时间点，如1993，last term, yesterday, the time I got there
for后接一段时间，表示“长达多久”，如ten years, a while, two days等。
Exercise: 用since和for填空
1. Jim has been in Ireland ______ Monday.
2. Jill has been in Ireland ______ three days.
3. His aunt has lived in Australia ______15 days.
4. Mary is in her office. She has been there ______ 7 o'clock.
5. India has been an independent country ______1974.
6. The bus is late. They've been waiting ______ 20 minutes.
7. Nobody lives in those houses. They have been empty ______ many years.
8. Mike has been ill ______a long time. He has been in hospital ______ October.
现在完成时的时间状语
1）现在完成时属于现在时范围，故不能和过去的时间状语连用。如：yesterday, last Sunday,in1990,three years ago等。但是，在强调动作产生的后果和影响时，可以和一些表示不确定的时间状语连用。
①.用副词already和yet。already一般用于肯定句中，yet一般用于否定句和 疑问句中。如：We have already finished it. They haven't finished their homework yet.
②.用ever 和never。多用于否定或疑问句中，表示“曾经”或“从未“等。 如：
-Have you ever been to the Great Wall? -I have never been to the Great Wall.我从未去过长城。③.用表示到说话为止的过去时间状语，如just, before, up to now, the past few years等。
例如：I have seen her before, but I can not remember where.
He has been there three times the last few days.
④.用包括“现在”在内的时间状语，如：now, today, this morning(month, year, term)等。例如：-Have you met him today?-No, I haven't. 。 How many times have you been there this year?
2）现在完成时可以和带有since或for等表示“一段时间”的状语连用,表示动作或状态从某一时刻开始，一直持续到现在。如：I haven't seen him for two years.
现在完成时和一般过去时的区别
现在完成时表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果，强调的是现在的情况，所以它不能和表示过去的时间状语连用。如yesterday, last night, three days ago, in 1990等。而一般过去时只表示过去的动作或状态，和现在不发生联系。它可以喝表示过去的时间状语连用。
I have seen the film.我已经看过这部电影（我了解这部电影的内容）
I saw the film last week.我上一周看了这部电影。（只说明上星期看了这部电影，不涉及现在的情况。
He has lived here since 1992. 1992你年以来他一直住在这里。（他现在还住在这里）
He lived here in 1992. 1992年他住在这里。（不涉及现在他是否还住在这里）
have bee to和have gone to
have been to 表示曾经去过某地。
have gone to 表示已经去某地了。
have bee in a place在某地待了有多久。
1.Jane has _____ to Beijing. She will come back tomorrow.
A. been B. gone C. went D. never been
2.--Hello, this is Mr. Green speaking. Can I speak to Mr. Black?
-- Sorry. He ______ the Bainiao Park.
A. has been to B. has gone to C. went to D. will go to
3.--____ you ever ____ to the US?
-- Yes, twice.
A. Have, gone B. Have, been C, Do, go D. were, going
keys: 1B, 2.A. 3.B.
现在完成时的口诀：
发生在过去，影响在现在。
just, already, yet常配用。
过去的动作或状态，
一直持续到现在，
可把一段时间带。
have been to+地点
曾去某地已回来。
have gone to+地点
已去某地未回来，
have been in+地点，
在某地待了有多久。
延续性动词与终止性动词讲解
动词按其动作发生的方式、发生过程的长短可分为延续性动词与非延续性动词。
延续性动词（或称为持续性动词）
终止性动词（或称为瞬间动词、非延续性动词、非延续性动词、界限性动词）
表示动作一发生即告结束的动词叫终止性动词，
表示持续一段时间的动词叫延续性动词。
一、英语中常见的终止性动词有：leave， go，come，arrive，begin，buy，borrow，die，join， become，marry，graduate，become等。由于终止性动词所表示的动作发生与结束在一瞬间完成，所以终止性动词的完成体的肯定式既不能与表示一段时间的状语“for ＋时间段”或“ since ＋时间点”连用，也不能用在how long引导的特殊疑问句之中。例句：
我哥哥参军两年了。My brother has joined the army for two years．（误）
我哥哥自1999年就参军了。My brother has joined the army since 1999．（误）
你哥哥参军多久了？How long has your brother joined the army ？（误）
如用延续性动词表示瞬间的行为，则必须借助come（表示动作的渐进过程），begin， get（表示动作的变化过程）等动词。例句：
I studied English thirteen years ago．（误）
I began to study English thirteen years ago．（正）
When did you know him？（误）
When did you get to know him ？（正）
二、终止性动词肯定形式的完成时不能与一段时间状语连用。可用以下三种方法替换：
⑴时态替换法 就是把非延续性动词的完成时态，改为过去时态，然后再把“for+一段时间”改为“一段时间段＋ago”，句中谓语动词用一般过去时。例句：
My brother joined the army two years ago．
The old man died ten years ago．
He left his hometown thirty years ago．
句型替换法
(2).since法
用“ It is（或has been）＋一段时间＋ since…”改写，该句型中since后面的谓语动词多为终止性动词，且常用一般过去时。例句：
It is（或has been）two years since my brother joined the army．
It is ten years since the old man died．
It is（或has been）thirty years since he left his hometown．
注：It is／has been．．．since．．．句型中的动词若为延续性动词，计时的起点是since句中动词结束之点。不然应将since句中的动词改为begin to do sth．。例句：
It's five years since he studied English．他不学英语已五年了。
It's five years since he began to study English．他学英语已五年了。
(3).一段时间法
“用一段时间＋has ／have passed since S＋V-ed”句型改写。例句：
Two years has ／have passed since my brother joined the army．
Thirty years has ／have passed since he left his hometown．
(4).动词替换法
若保留for ＋时间段，since ＋时间点或用在how long句型中，需将终止性动词改为相应的延续性动词或状态动词。例句：
My brother has been in the army for two years．
Jack has been a postman for about six years．
When he came home，I had been asleep for three hours．
Of course I know him very well because we have been friends for ages．
—How long have you been here？
—About two months．
三、常见终止性动词与延续性动词（或状态动词）的对应关系如下：
leave →be away（from） borrow→ keep finish ／end ／stop→ be over
join the army→ be ／serve in the army ／be a soldier open→ be open
join the Party→ be in the Party ／be a Party member
catch ／get a cold→ have a cold fall asleep→ be asleep
go to school→ be in school／be a student begin→ be on put on（上演）→be on
buy→ have become→ be marry→ be married（to） wake up→ be awake
make friends with→ be friends with open sth→ be open, keep sth open
lose→ be lost ／be missing ／be gone lose one's job work→ be out of work ／a job
例句：When he got to the station，the train had been away for a long time．
My brother has had a bad cold for a week．
My father joined the Party in 1945．
He has been a Party member for about fifty-five years．
Tom's brother had been in the army for three years before he became a teacher．
The film had been on for fifteen minutes when I got to the cinema．
—Excuse me．How long may I keep the book？
—Two weeks．
Kate was wearing that red coat from Monday to Saturday．
Kate has been married to John for nearly ten years．
Joe told his friends that he had been a lawyer for ten years．
The factory has been open since 1990．
四、since从句中两种时态的不同含义
我们再来分析一下since从句中使用终止性动词与延续性动词的区别。
在since从句中我们往往使用终止性动词的过去时，从句表示的时间是“从那一时刻起”，如：
Mr Brown has made quite a few Chinese friends since he came to China. 布朗先生自从来中国以后已交了相当多的中国朋友。
He has studied very hard since he came to our school．他自从来到我们学校学习一直非常努力。
We have been missing them since they left here．自从他们离开这儿，我们一直非常想念他们。
注意：since从句中不可以使用终止性动词的完成时
since从句中的谓语动词是延续性动词的一般过去时，从句表示的时间是“从那延续性动词动作结束时算起”，如：
It’s three weeks since my aunt stayed here. (=My aunt hasn’t stayed here for three weeks.) 我阿姨不在这儿已有三周了。
I haven′t heard from him since I lived in Shanghai. 自从我离开上海以来，一直没有收到他的来信。)
但是如果在since从句中的谓语动词是延续性动词的现在完成时，则意味着该状态延续至今，和一般过去时的含义完全相反。试比较：
I have been at school since I have been ill. （我生病以来一直在学校里。）
I have been at school since I was ill. （我病愈以来一直在学校里。）
弄清since从句中两种时态的不同含义，对于以下例句的理解就不会感到困难了。如：
It’s 4 years since Mr Li smoked. （李先生戒烟已有四年了。）
They asked me to have a drink with them．I said that it was at least ten years since I had enjoyed a good drink．他们叫我去喝一杯，我说我至少有十年没痛痛快快地喝一杯了。
I haven't heard from him since I lived in Shanghai．从我离开上海就没收到过他的来信。
I haven't heard any noise since I slept．我醒后没听到任何噪音。
He has lived with my uncle since he has returned from abroad．（误）
He has lived with my uncle since he returned from abroad．（正）
五、终止性在否定句中，因为动作的否定就是一种可以延续的状态，因此，可以和for或since引导的时间状语连用，也可用在how long…？句型中。例句：
I haven't received his letter for two weeks．我两周没收到他的来信了。
He hasn't come here for 7days．他七天没来这儿了。
She didn't marry ten years when her husband died．她结婚还不到十年，丈夫就去世了。
六、“in＋数＋（时间）名词”的译法，主要以句中动词是延续性还是终止性而定。一般说来，如果句中动词是终止性，则译为“多久之后”。这时若要表达“在多久之内”，则需将 in改为within。如果句中动词是延续性，则译为“多久之内”。例句：
Jack will go to Shanghai in two weeks．杰克两周后就能抵达上海。
Tom will reach New York in a few days．汤姆几天后就能到达纽约。
I'll finish reading this novel within three days．三天内我就能读完这本小说。
They will learn Japanese in four or five years．他们四五年内就能学会日语。
七、as ／so long as ＋从句
从句中只可用延续性动词或连系动词，不可用终止性动词。 if only ＋从句，则可用终止性动词。例句：
As ／So long as you insist on studying English for a long time，you'll master it．只要你长期坚持学习英语，你就能掌握它。
As ／So long as you promise our conditions， we can satisfy your request．（误）
If only you promise our conditions，we can satisfy your request．（正）只要你答应我们的条件，我们就能满足你的要求。
八、延续性动词、终止性动词与时间状语或时间状语从句
⑴when，before，after，as soon as等引导的时间状语从句中，延续性动词、终止性动词均可充当谓语。
⑵while引导的时间状语从句中，谓语动词只能用延续性动词。
⑶until（或till）引导的时间状语（从句）中，若主句为否定结构，从句的谓语动词用延续性动词、终止性动词均可，意为“直到……才”。若主句为肯定结构，从句中的谓语动词只能用终止性动词，表示主句的动作一直延续到until句子所表示的时间为止。例句：
He came in while ／when I was reading．我读书的时候他进来了。
I was reading when（此时不可使用while） he came．他来时我正在读书。
He listened to the radio until his father came back．他听收音机直到他父亲回来为止。
He didn't listen to the radio until his father came back．他直到父亲回来，才开始听收音机。
I didn't go to bed until I finished my homework．我直到完成家庭作业才去睡觉。
过去进行时
构成：助动词be(was/were)+现在分词
①表示过去某一时刻正在进行的动作，常用的时间状语有at the moment（那时），at ten o’clock last night（昨晚10点），(at) this time yesterday（昨天那个时候）等。
—What were you doing at seven last night?昨晚7点钟你在做什么？
—I was watching TV.我在看电视
②表示过去某阶段正在进行或暂时性的动作，常用的时间状语有at that time（那时），last night（昨天晚上），last winter（去年冬天）等。
At that time he was working in Sydney. 那时，他在悉尼工作。
It came at about 6:30 this morning. I was reading the newspaper then.时间是今天早晨六点半，我在看报纸。
过去将来时
过去将来时表示从过去某一时间看将要发生的动作或存在的状态。一般将来时是以现在时间为基点看将来；过去将来时则是说话人以过去某时为基点看将来。过去将来时多用于宾语从句（包括间接宾语），表示从句动作发生在主句动作之后。
有三种形式，最常见的是would/should+动词原形
He said(that)he would ring me up at six.他说他将在6点钟给我打电话。
I thought you would change your mind.我原以为你会改变主意的。
过去将来时也可用was/were going to +动词原形或某些动词的过去进行时的形式来表达。
I didn’t know that she was going to have a boy. 我当时不知道她将生一个男孩。
He didn’t say when she was coming.他没说他什么时候要来.
过去完成时
构成：助动词had+过去分词
①表示一个动作在过去某一时间或某一动作之前已经完成，常与时间状语by yesterday（到昨天为止），by the end of last week（到上周末），by the time（到…时）等连用。
By the time I got outside, the bus had already left.
I realized I had left my backpack at home.
②在宾语从句中，也经常使用过去完成时，表示 从句动作先于主句动作发生。
I thought I had seen him before. 我原以为以前见过他。
③表示一个动作在过去某一时间以前就已经开始，一直延续到另一个过去时间，并有可能继续下去。常与for, since引导的表示时间的状语或从句连用。
By six o’clock yesterday they had worked for 12hours.
到昨天6点为止，他们已经工作了12个小时。
第四讲 被动语态
一、语态概述
英语的语态是通过动词形式的变化表现出来的。英语中有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。
主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者。
例如：Many people speak Chinese.
谓语：speak的动作是由主语many people来执行的。
被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者，即行为动作的对象。例如：Chinese is spoken by many people. 英语English是动词speak的承受者。
二、被动语态的构成
被动语态由“助动词be＋及物动词的过去分词”构成。人称、数和时态的变化是通过be的变化表现出来的。现以speak为例说明被动语态在各种时态中的构成。
一般现在时：am／is/are＋spoken
一般过去时：was／were＋spoken
一般将来时：will／shall be＋spoken
现在进行时：am／is／are being＋spoken
过去进行时：was/were being＋spoken
现在完成时：have／has been＋spoken
过去完成时：had been + spoken
三、被动语态的用法
（1）不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁。
例如：Some new computers were stolen last night. 一些新电脑在昨晚被盗了。（不知道电脑是谁偷的）
This bridge was founded in 1981.这座桥竣工于1981年。
（2）强调动作的承受者，而不强调动作的执行者。
例如：The glass was broken by Mike.玻璃杯是迈克打破的。
This book was written by him.这本书是他写的。
Your homework must be finished on time.你们的家庭作业必须及时完成。
四、主动语态变被动语态的方法
（1）把主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语。
（2）把谓语变成被动结构（be＋过去分词）（根据被动语态句子里的主语的人称和数，以及原来主动语态句子中动词的时态来决定be的形式）。
（3）把主动语态中的主语放在介词by之后作宾语，将主格改为宾格。例如：
All the people laughed at him.
He was laughed at by all people.
They make the bikes in the factory.
The bikes are made by them in the factory.
He cut down a tree.
A tree was cut down by him.
五、含有情态动词的被动语态
含有情态动词的主动句变成被动句时，由“情态动词＋be＋过去分词”构成，原来带to的情态动词变成被动语态后“to”仍要保留。
We can repair this watch in two days.
This watch can be repaired in two days.
They should do it at once.
It should be done at once.
六、特殊情况
1.He made the boy work for two hours yesterday.
The boy was made to work by him for two hours yesterday.
2.Mother never lets me watch TV .
I am never let to watch TV by mother.
3.Jack gave Peter a Christmas present just now.
（1）A Christmas present was given to Peter by Jack just now.
（2）Peter was given a Christmas present by Jack just now.
第五讲 从句
宾语从句
一．概念：在句中起到宾语的作用。
二．宾语从句在句中的位置：
（1）作动词的宾语：
例：I heard that he joined the army. She did not know what had happened.
(2) 作形容词的宾语
例：I am afraid that I have made a mistake.
(3) 作介词的宾语
例：Our success depends on how well we can cooperate with one another.
三．常见考点分析：
（一）．连接词：1.引导陈述句用that（在口语或非正式文体中常常省略）。
2.引导一般疑问句用if或whether。
注意：下列几种情况通常使用whether：
（1）．在具有选择意义又有or或or not时，尤其是直接与or not连用时，往往用whether；
例：I don’t know whether he will come back or not.
（2）．在介词之后用whether；
例：They are talking about whether he will win the game.
Everything depends on whether you agree with us.
3.引导特殊疑问句，只需用原来的特殊疑问词。
（二）. 语序：尤其要注意，宾语从句的语序必须是陈述语序：即主语一定在谓语前面。
尤其要注意whether, if以及wh-(what, why…)疑问词引导的宾语从句的语序。
例：She wants to know whether I like the film.
Do you know why winter is colder than summer?
（三）. 时态：1.主句中谓语动词是现在或将来时态时，从句中主语不受主句位于时态的影响。例：She says that she will leave a message on his desk.
She says that sh has never been to Beijing.
2.当主句谓语动词是过去时态时，从句中的时态一般为表示过去的某种时态（如一般过去时，过去进行时，过去完成时，过去将来时）
例：He said there were no classes yesterday afternoon.
He said he was going to take care of the baby.
3.主句谓语动词是过去时态，宾语从句叙述某一客观真理时，宾语从句用一般现在时。 例：She said that her father is twenty-eight years older than her.
The teacher told us that light travels much faster than sound.
（四）. 否定转移：当宾语从句表示否定的意义时，若主句主语为第一人称且谓语动词是think / believe / suppose / expect等时，应在主句上加以否定。
例：I don’t think you are right.
I don’t believe that he has finished his work.
（五）. 注意if或when引导的宾语从句和状语从句的不同。if / when引导宾语从句时，意思分别为“是否”和“何时”，此时它们的时态根据具体情况而定。if和when引导状语从句时，意思分别为“如果”和“当……的时候”，此时如果主句是一般将来时，从句部分则用一般现在时。
例：We are not sure if it will snow tomorrow. If it snows, we won’t climb the South Hill.
状语从句
一．概念和分类：用来修饰主句中的动词，副词和形容词的从句叫状语从句。分类：时间状语从句，地点状语从句，原因状语从句,目的状语从句，结果状语从句，条件状语从句，方式状语从句，让步状语从句和比较状语从句。
（一）. 时间状语从句 ：
引导时间状语从句的词有：when, as, while, after, before, since, as soon as, ever since, till, until, once, whenever, no sooner …than…, hardly…when…, the moment, every time, each time, next time, directly, immediately, by the time等
1．When引导的状语从句和While引导的状语从句的区别：When既可以引导一个持续性动作也可以引导一个短暂性动作。While只能引导持续性动作。
例：When引导的从句 I was thin when I was a child.
The film had been on when we arrived.
While引导的从句 My Mom was cooking while I was doing my homework.
2．Before引导的时间状语从句
（1）before引导的从句位于主句之前，一般翻译成在…之前。
例：Before they got to the bus stop, the bus had gone.
（2）before引导的从句位于主句之后，一般翻译成…(之后)才。如果在主句中用将来时，从句要用一般时替代将来时。
例：It will be half a year before I come back.
He said that it would be half a year before he came back.
3．Until引导的时间状语从句。
（1）延续性动词+until表示直到…为止。
例：You may stay here until the rain stops
He waited until his friends came.
（2）终止性动词或者延续性动词的否定式+until表示直到…才
例：He didn’t go to bed until he had finished his work.
They didn’t reach the village until it was dark.
（3）not until放在句时，主句要用倒装语序
例：Not until he graduated did he succeed in obtaining the compound.（直到毕业他才成功获得这种化合物）
4．表示一…就…的句型。
As soon as ,once, immediately, the moment，这类从句中经常用一般时态替代将来时态（从句的时态）
例：I will tell him as soon as he arrives.
Once you study hard, you’ll pass the exam.
The moment he comes, I will let you know.
5．As的用法
主要考点：
（1）一边。。。一边。。。
例：He hurried home, looking behind as he went.
Tom sings as he works.
（2）强调两个动作紧接着发生、
例：As he was going out ,it began to rain.
（二）地点状语从句
由where ,wherever引导。
Where引导定语从句和状语从句的区别：引导定语从句时，从句前应该有一个表示地点的名词作先行词，而状语从句前则没有。
例：1. Go back where you came from.（状语从句）
2．Go back to the village where you came from.（定语从句）
（三）原因状语从句
引导词：because, since, as, now that(既然)，considering that(考虑到)
because表示直接原因，语气最强。Because引导的原因状语从句多放在主句之后。回答由why提出的问题，只能用because。As和since语气较弱，一般用来表示明显的原因。由as和since引导的原因状语从居多放在句首。
例：（1）------Why did you do it?
------I did it because I wanted to do it.
（2）Since I must die I must do it.
（3）As he has no car, he can’t get there easily.
（四）目的状语从句
引导词：so that(为了，以便)，so(以便)，in order that(以便，这样…就)，in case(以防)
目的状语从句的谓语经常含有may, might, can ,could, will, would等情态动词。
例：（1）Speak clearly so that they may understand you. （目的状语从句）
（2）Jack is badly ill so that he has to rest （结果状语从句）
（五）结果状语从句
引导词：so(结果)，so that(结果)，so…that…（如此…以至于）,such…that（如此…以至于）
注意so…that…与such…that…的区别
So+adj/adv+that 从句 such+(a,an)名词+that从句
例：（1）The box is so heavy that I can’t carry it.
（2）She is so beautiful a girl that all of us like her.
（3）She is such a good girl that she can help you.
（六）条件状语从句
两种情况：1. 祈使句+and/or/or else/otherwise引导的结果句。
例：Hurry up, or else/otherwise you’ll be late.
Do that at once, or else I’ll make you do it.
引导词：if ,unless(除非，如果不)，so long as(只要), if only(只要)，provided that或providing(that)(假如)
1. 条件状语从句中，如果主句是一般将来时，从句要用一般现在时代替一般将来时。
即：一般将来时，if/unless/…+一般现在时
例：（1）I will go if you go.
（2）I won’t wait for him unless he rings me tomorrow.
2. if +否定句相当于not…unless+肯定句
例：You can’t enter the hall if you have no ticket.
You can’t enter the hall unless you have a ticket.
3. 条件句中的虚拟与倒装，if引导的条件状语从句如果与事实不符，应该用虚拟语气
（1）与现在事实相反，主句用将来时，从句用一般过去时，Be动词用复数形式
例：If I were you ,I wouldn’t do that.
（2）与过去事实相反，从句用过去完成时，主句谓语为would have done
例：If you had got up earlier, you would have caught the train.
（3）与将来事实相反，主句是should do/would do ，从句用一般过去时
例：If it rained tomorrow, we should stay at home.
（七）让步状语从句
引导词：通常有though ,although, even if, even though ,whenever, whatever, however, wherever, whichever等等。
1． Though和although：用法基本一样，前者口语化，后者书面化，常用于句首
例：（1）Though he is young, he knows a lot.
（2）Although I am tired, I must go on working.
注意：它们不能和but 连用：我们不能说：Though it was raining hard, but he still went out.应该说：Though it was raining hard, he still went out.或It was raining hard, but he still went out.
2．No matter who = whoever，同理其他也是一样。
（八）比较状语从句
比较状语从句通常由as…as, 比较级 + than…等连词引导。例如：
Tom runs faster than John does.
This classroom is as big as that one.
三．定语从句
（一）．概念：在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句。
（二）定语从句的特点：
1.先行词：定语从句所修饰的名词或代词
2. 关联词：1）引出定语从句，并作从句的一个成分。可作主语、宾语、定语、状语，
作宾语可省略。
2）关联词包括关系代词和关系副词。关联词位于先行词和定语从句之间。
关系代词：that, which, who, whom, whose，代指先行词。
关系副词：when，where，why，作时间状语。
（三）．基本结构：先行词+关联词+定语从句
（四）．关系代词的用法：
1. that 和which
that指人或物，作主语或宾语，作宾语可省略，主语不能。
Which指物，不指人，作主语或宾语，作宾语可省略，主语不能。
His father works in a factory that/which makes Tvsets.
Who was hurt in the accident that/which happened yesterday?
The coat (which/that) I put on the desk is black.
注意：The room in which I live is very big.(在介词后面不能用that)
2.只能用that不能用which引导的定语从句：
1) 先行词被形容词最高级修饰时，定语从句只能用that
This is the most interesting story (that) I have ever heard.
2）先行词被序数词最高级修饰时，定语从句只能用that
The children like the second lesson that is about “The Football Match”.
3）先行词被the only，the very 或the same等修饰时，定语从句只能用that引导。
It is the only word (that) I know in the passage.
Where is the very book (that) I bought just now? This is the (same) bicycle (that) I lost.
4）先行词为everything，something，anything，all，none，much，little，few等不定代词时，定语从句只能用that
Here is something (that) I will tell you.
I want everything (that) I want.
I am writing to tell you about something very strange that happened to me last week.
5)先行词被不定代词修饰时（all，any，no, every, little, much, many），定语从句只能用that
Here is all the money (that) I have.
6)先行词是同时含有“人和物”的名词时，定语从句只能用that
I can remember well the persons and some pictures (that) I see in the room..
7)定语从句所修饰的词为the one 时，定语从句用that引导
Is it the one（that）you want？
8）为了避免重复，在疑问词who之后，用that 引导定语从句
Who is the girl that won the first place?
第六讲 中考中常见同义词组及同义句
一 同义词互相转换
1 alone=by oneself
We finished the work alone./by ourselves.
2 actually=in fact
Actually, this question is very easy./ In fact, this question is very easy.
3 also=too=as well
He’s also a member of us./He’s a member of us, too./He’s a member of us as well.
4 another=one more
I’m afraid you have to wait for another ten minutes./I’m afraid you have to wait ten more minutes.
5 arrive in(at)/=get to=reach
When she arrived in/got to/reached America, she suddenly felt lonely.
6 iat once=right now
Run home at once=Run home right now.
7 continue/go on
Let’s continue/go on reading the passage.
8 cost=spend=take=pay
(1) I spent ten yuan of/(in) buying this book../This book cost me ten yuan./I paid ten yuan for this book.
(2) It took us three days to fulfill this task./We spent three days on this task/in fulfilling this task.
9 cross=go across
Before crossing/going across the road, please look both sides.
10 sometimes/=t times
He is a good man, but he can be really bad-tempered sometimes./at times.
11 die/=ose one’s life
Those people died/lost their lives during the earthquake.
12 now/at the moment
She is talking about the problem with her classmates now./at the moment
13 else=other
What else/other things can you see in the picture?
14 then=t that moment/at that time
She was shopping then/at that moment/at that time, so she knew nothing about it.
15 like/love/enjoy/be fond of/be interested in/care for
She likes/enjoys/loves/is fond of/is interested in/cares for collecting stamps very much.
16 will/be going to/be about to
The teachers will/are going to/are about to have a meeting tomorrow afternoon.
17 want/would like
Do you want to go abroad to study further?/Would you like to go abroad to study further/
18 can/be able to/have the ability to do
Can you tell me the way to the library?/Are you able to tell me the way to the library?/Do you have the ability to tell me the way to the library?
19 visit/call on
Lin Tao visited/called on his grandparents last week.
20 favorite/like best
What’s your favorite sport?/What sport do you like best?
21 happen/take place
What happened?/What took place?
22 decide/make a decision/make up one’s mind
She can’t decide/make a decision/make up her mind where to go.
23 found/establish/set up
The students founded/established/set up a group to protect the environment.
24 finally/at last/in the end
Finally/At last/In the end, she won the race.
25 leave/be away
He left yesterday./He has been away for a day.
26 return/give back
He hasn’t returned the book to me./He hasn’t given the book back to me.
return/go back
He will go back/return in a month.
27 why/what for/how come
-She cried so badly. –How come?
What did she cry so sadly for?/Why did she cry so badly?
28 over/more than
Over/More than a hundred people tried this new kind of food.
29 whatever/no matter what
Whatever/No matter what you find in the box, they belong to Amy.
30 whenever/no matter when
Whenever/No matter when you come to see me, I will treat you as my relative.
31 walk/ go…on foot
Do you walk to school every day?/Do you go to school on foot every day?
32 should/ought to/be supposed to
We should/ought to/are supposed to use both sides of the paper to reduce wastes.
33 population/people
What is the population of China?/How many people are there in China?
34 quit/stop/drop/give up
My father quitted/stopped/dropped/gave up smoking.
35 maybe/perhaps/may be
Maybe/Perhaps it is not my pen./ The pen may not be mine.
二 同义词组互相转换
1 a lot of/lots of
A lot of/Lots of artists will show their faces at the party.
2 all over the world/around the world
English is spoken widely all over the world./around the world
3 not as(so)…as/less than
This book is not as(so) interesting as that one./That book is more interesting than this one.
4 as…as possible/as…as sb can
Run home as fast as possible/as fast as you can to tell your mother the good news.
5 at risk/in danger/in trouble
The pandas in our country are at risk./in trouble/in danger
6 at the age of…/when sb.+be+…years old
His parents died when he was six years old./His parents died at the age of six.
7 because of/due to/as a result of/with one’s help/thanks to
Because of?/Due to/As a result of his help, he passed this exam.
With his help/With the help of him, he passed the exam./Thanks to his help, he passed the exam.
8 be careful/look out/take care
Look out!/Be careful/Take care! The flood is coming.
9 be worried about/worry about
Liu Ming is worried about his following oral test./Liu Ming can’t stop his following oral test.
10 both…and…/not only…but also…
He is not only a singer but also a doctor./He is both a singer and a doctor.
11 be good at/do well in
He is good at drawing./He does well in drawing.
12 be proud of/take pride in
We are all proud of our country’s astronaut./He takes pride in our country’s astronaut.
13 come up with/think of/have an idea
Tome came up an idea./Tom thought of an idea./Tom had an idea.
14 ride a bike/go…by bike
He often rides a bike to work./He often goes to work by bike.
15 come from/be from
Where do you come from?/Where are you from?
16 have a good time/enjoy oneself//play happily
We had a good time/enjoyed ourselves/played happily on Christmas Day.
17 have a pain in head/have a headache
He didn’t go to school today, because he had a pain in head./had a headache
18 hear from/receive(get) a letter from
She is very happy to hear from/receive a letter from a Canadian friend.
19 had better do/It’s best to do
You had better read in the sun./It’s best for you to read in the sun.
20 how about/what about
How about/What about going skating?
21 in order to/in order that/to do/so that
He worked day and night to be a successful man./He worked day and night in order to be a successful man./He worked day and night in order that he could be a successful man./He worked day and night so that he could be a successful man.
22 keep off/keep away from
Keep off /Keep away from the grass!
23 in/wear
She is in/wears a white dress today.
24 keep sb. from doing/stop sb. (from) doing/prevent sb. (from) doing
Trees can stop the soil flowing away./ Trees can prevent the soil flowing away./Trees can keep the soil from flowing away.
25 learn …by oneself/ teach oneself
Nobody taught him. He learnt it by himself./He taught himself.
26 like …better than/prefer…to…/prefer to do…rather than do …
John likes swimming better than skating./John prefers swimming to skating./John prefer to swim rather than skate.
27 long, long ago/once upon a time
Long, long ago/Once upon a time, there was a beautiful princess living in an old castle.
28 look after well/take good care of
Thanks for looking after my cat /taking good care of my cat well while I was away.
29 no longer/not …any longer
She is no longer a little girl./She is not a little girl any longer.
30 shall we/Let’s..
Shall we watch the film together?/Let’s watch the film together.
31 take part in/join in/participate in
He took part in /joined in/participated in the match.
32 too…to/so…that…/enough to…
He is too busy to visit us./He is so busy that he can’t visit us./He is not free enough to visit us.
三 同义句型互相转换
1运用两种时态（一般过去时和现在完成时互相转换）
(1) He left last year.
(2) He has been away for one year.
(3) He has been away since a year ago.
(4) It is a year since he left.
(5) One year has passed since he left.
2最高级和比较级的互相转换
(1) He is the tallest student in his class.
(2) He is taller than any other student in his class.
(3) He is taller than the other students in his class.
(4) No one else is taller than him in his class.
3运用两种语态（主动语态和被动语态互相转换）
I clean my room every day./My room is cleaned every day.
4感叹句的两种句型之间互相转换
What a careful girl she is!/How careful the girl is!
5运用关联词语合并句子
(1) Amy can’t dance. Susan can’t, either.
Neither Amy nor Susan can dance.
(2) I has eaten breakfast and my mother has eaten it, too.
Both my mother and I have eaten breakfast.
6运用复合句和不定式互相转换
(1) I hope that I can visit the moon one day./I hope to visit the moon one day.
(2) He told me how he could use a computer./He told me how to use a computer.
7运用不同的句式结构互相转换
(1) She wants to go shopping and her friends want to go shopping, too./She wants to go shopping, and so do her friends.
(2) He went to bed after he finished his homework./He went to bed after finishing his homework./He didn’t go to bed until he finished his homework.
(3) Come on, or we’ll miss the early bus./If we don’t hurry, we’ll miss the early bus.
(4) The man gave us a talk last week, and he will give us another talk this week./The man who gave us a talk last week will give us another talk this week.
8用it做形式主语互相转换
(1) He can finish the work easily./It is easy for him to finish the work.
(2) We found it hard to shake./We found it was hard to skate.
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