1. Acoustic phonetics: It studies the speech sounds by looking at the sound waves. It studies the physical means by which speech sounds are transmitted through the air from one person to another. 2. Affix: Affixes are of two types: inflectional and derivational. Inflectional affixes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories, while derivational affixes are added to an existing form to create a word. 3. Allophone: The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the allophones of that phoneme. 4. Antonymy : Antonymy refers to the relation of oppositeness of meaning. 5. Applied linguistics: In a narrow sense, applied linguistics refers to the application of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching and learning, especially the teaching of foreign and second languages. In a broad sense, it refers to the application of linguistic findings to the solution of practical problems such as the recovery of speech ability. 6.Assimilation rule: assimilates one sound to another by “copying” a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones similar 7. Arbitrariness: It is one of the design features of language. It means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds 8.Ar-gument : An ar-gument is a logical participant in a predication. It is generally identical with the nominal element (s in a sentence. 9. Auditory phonetics: It studies the speech sounds from the hearer's point of view. It studies how the sounds are perceived by the hear-er. 10.Behaviorism:the meaning of a language form as the “situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer” 11.Bound morpheme: Bound morphemes are the morphemes which cannot be used indepen-dently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word. 12.Competence: Chomsky defines competence as the ideal user's knowledge of the rules of his language, 13.Complete homonyms.:When two words are identical in both sound and spelling, they are called complete 14.Componential analysis : Componential analysis is a way to analyze word meaning. It was pro-posed by structural semanticists. The approach is based on the belief that the meaning of a -word can be divided into meaning components, which are called semantic features. 15. Compounding: Compounding can be viewed as the combination of two or sometimes more than two words to create new words. 16. Conceptualism view: there is no direct link between a linguistic form and what it refers to rather in the interpretation of meaning they are linked through the mediation of concepts in the mind 17. Contextualism :meaning should be studier in terms of situation, use, context---elements closely linked with language behaviour 18.Constative: Constatives were statements that either state or describe, and were verifi-able ;
19.Context: Generally speaking, it consists of the knowledge that is shared by the speak-er and the hearer. The shared knowledge is of two types: the knowledge of the language they use, and the knowledge about the world, including the general knowledge about the world and the specific knowledge about the situ-ation in which linguistic communication is taking place.
20. Cooperative Principle: It is principle advanced by Paul Grice. It is a principle that guides our conversational behaviours. The content is : Make your conversational contribution such as is required at the stage at which it occurs by the accepted purpose or the talk exchange in which you are engaged. 21. Coordinate sentence: A coordinate sentence contains two clauses joined by a linking word called coordinating conjunction, such as "and", "but", "or". 22. D-structure: D- structure is the level of syntactic representation that exists before movement takes place. Phrase structure rules, with the insertion of the lexicon, generate sentences at the level of D-structure. 23.Descriptive&Prescriptive: D :describe and analyze the language people usually use P: lay down rules for correct and standard behavior in using language 24. Design features: Design features refer to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication — 25. Derivation: Derivation is a process of word formation by which derivative affixes are added to an existing form to create a word. 26.Derivational morphology: Derivational morphology is the study of word- formation. 27. Diachronic: the description of a language at some point of time in history 28. Displacement: Displacement means that language can be used to refer to things which are present or not present, real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future, or in far-away places. In other words, language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker 29. Duality: The duality nature of language means that language is a system, which consists of two sets of structure, or two levels, one of sounds and the other of meanings.. 30. Free morpheme: Free morphemes are the morphemes which are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves or in combination with oth-er morphemes. 31. Grammatical relations: The structural and logical functional relations of constituents are called grammatical relations. The grammatical relations of a sentence concern the way each noun phrase in the sentence relates to the verb. In many cases, grammatical relations in fact refer to who does what to whom . 32. Homographs : When two words are identical in spelling, they are homographs. 33.Homonymy : Homonymy refers to the phenomenon that words having different mean-ings have the same form, i.e. , different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both. 34. Homophones : When two words are identical in sound, they are called homophones 35. Hyponymy: the sense relation between a more general. More inclusive word and a more specific word 36. Illocutionary act: An illocutionary act is the act of expressing the speaker's intention; it is the act performed in saying something.
37. Inflectional morphology: The inflectional morphology studies the inflections 38.International phonetic alphabet: It is a standardized and internationally accepted system of phonetic transcription. 39. Intonation: When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as intonation. 40. Language: Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. 41. Langue : Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community; Langue is the set of conventions and rules which language users all have to follow; Langue is relatively stable, it does not change frequently 42. Linguistics: Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. 43. Linguistic competence: Universally found in the grammars of all human languages, syntactic rules comprise the system of internalized linguistic knowledge of a language speaker known as linguistic competence. 44. Locutionary act: A locutionary act is the act of uttering words, phrases, clauses. It is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonol-ogy. 45. Minimal pair: When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two words are said to form a minimal pair. 46. Morpheme: It is the smallest meaningful unit of language. 47. Morphology: refer to the part of the grammar that is concerned with word formation and word structure 48. Parole: Parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use; parole is the concrete use of the conventions and the application of the rules; parole varies from person to person, and from situation to situation. 49.Performance: performance is the actual realization of the knowl-edge of the rules in linguistic communication. 50. Performative: performatives, on the other hand, were sentences that did not state a fact or describe a state, and were not verifiable. Their function is to perform a particular speech act. 51.Perlocutionary act: A perlocutionary act is the act per-formed by or resulting from saying something; it is the consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance; it is the act performed by saying something. 52. Phone : Phones can be simply defined as the speech sounds we use when speaking a language. A phone is a phonetic 欢迎下载 2 — 53.54.55.56.57.58.59.60.61.62. 63.64.65.66.67.68.69. 70.71.72.73.74.75.76.77.78.79.80.81. unit or segment. It does not necessarily distinguish meaning. Phoneme is a phonologic unit that can distinguish word meaning Phonemic contrast: Phonemic contrast refers to the relation between two phonemes. If two phonemes can occur in the same environment and distinguish meaning, they are in phonemic contrast. Phonetics: is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language Phoneme: The basic unit in phonology is called phoneme; it is a unit of distinctive value. But it is an abstract unit. To be exact, a phoneme is not a sound; it is a collection of distinctive phonetic features. Phonology: The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology. Polysemy : Polysemy refers to the fact that the same one word may have more than one meaning. Pragmatics: The study of meaning in context of use is called pragmatics . Predicate : A predicate is something that is said about an argument or it states the logical relation linking the arguments in a sentence. Predication : The predication is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence. Prefix: Prefixes occur at the begin-ning of a word . Prefixes modify the meaning of the stem, but they usually do not change the part of speech of the original word. 40. Suffix: Suffixes are added to the end of the stems; they modify the meaning of the original word and in many cases change its part of speech. Productivity: Language is productive or creative in that it makes possible the con-struction and interpretation of new signals by its users. Psycholinguistics: The study of language with reference to the workings of mind is called psycholinguistics. Reference: Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience Root: A root is often seen as part of a word; it can never stand by itself al-though it bears clear, definite meaning; it must be combined with another root or an affix to form a word. Semantics: Semantics can be simply defined as the study of meaning in language. Sense: Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. It is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form; it is abstract and de -contextualised. Sentence: A sentence is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement, question or command. Normally, a sentence consists of at least a subject and a predicate which contains a finite verb or a verb phrase. Sentence meaning: The meaning of a sentence is of-ten considered as the abstract, intrinsic property of the sentence itself in terms of a predication.
Sociolinguistics: The study of language with reference to society is called sociolinguistics,. Synchronic: studies the historical development of language over a period of time Synonymy : Synonymy refers to the sameness or close similarity of meaning. Words that are close in meaning are called synonymys Syntax: is a branch of linguistics that studies the rules that govern the formation of sentences The grammatical meaning : The grammatical meaning of a sentence refers to its grammaticality, i.e. , its grammatical well-formedness . The grammaticality of a sentence is governed by the grammatical rules of the language Tone: Tones are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords. Syntactic categories: Apart from sentences and clauses, a syntactic category usually refers to a word (called a lexical category or a phrase ( called a phrasal category that performs a particular grammatical function. Transformational rules: Transformational rules are the rules that transform one sentence type into another type. Two-place predication : A two-place predication is one which con-tains two arguments. Pragmatics: Pragmatics can be defined as the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication.
Utterance meaning: the meaning of an utterance is concrete, and context-dependent. Utterance is based on sentence 3 欢迎下载
meaning; it is realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication, or simply in a context. 欢迎下载— 4
