呼伦贝尔草原土壤

The hulunbuir Grazing land soil

1. summarize

The hulunbuir grazing land is located in the northeast edge of Mongolian plateau hulun buir plateau plain, elevation between 500 ~ 800 m, more potential relatively smooth.In this belongs to temperate zone continental semi-arid climate, belongs to the monsoon region. Dry long, cold winter, the spring wind, summer is short and warmer.

呼伦贝尔草原位于蒙古高原东北缘的呼伦贝尔高平原上，海拔多在500～800m之间，地 势比较平坦。该区属中温带大陆性半干旱气候，属于非季风区。冬季漫长而寒冷干燥，春季多大风，夏季短暂且比较温暖。

The area of soil types including chernozem, chestnut soil, meadow soil and wind sand, salt and alkali soil, swamp soil, etc.

此区土壤类型包括黑钙土、栗钙土、草甸土、盐土、碱土、沼泽土和风沙土等。

Vegetation in the area mainly include gramineae and legume forages, by the baikal s. grandis, chinensis, line Ye Ju, s. grandis, gram s. grandis, rough implicit grass, artemisia frigida, etc, in the southeast, hailaer river middle and lower reaches and its distribution of pinus sylvestris var. Mongolica in south of the tributaries.Animals in the area of cattle, camels, antelope, Wolf, etc., but with a large number of human are moved, now relatively rare wild animals.

该区植被主要包括禾本科和豆科牧草，由贝加尔针茅、羊草、 线叶菊、大针茅、克氏针茅、糙隐子草、冷蒿等组成，在东南部、海拉尔河中下游及其南面 各支流沿岸地区分布有樟子松林。该区动物由牲畜、骆驼、黄羊、狼等，不过随着人类的 大量迁入，野生动物现在较稀少。

2.Soil erosion

Soil erosion is soil and its parent material in the hydro, wind, freezing and thawing or battalion force under the action of gravity thereof, are destroyed, erosion, transportation and deposition process.

土壤侵蚀是指土壤及其母质在水力、风力、冻融或重力等外营力作用下，被破坏、剥蚀、搬运和沉积的过程。

Water ersion

The hulunbuir prairie water erosion mainly includes surface and the erosion of the trench.Planar is very common, where the rainfall, and can produce runoff, to generate planar erosion.

呼伦贝尔草原的水蚀主要包括面状和沟状侵蚀。发生面状是非常普通， 凡是降雨、并且能够产生径流的地方，就是产生面状侵蚀。

Wind ersion

The hulunbuir prairie is classified to potential wind erosion and desertification areas, wind erosion is the main erosion types in this area.

呼伦贝尔草原被划分地潜在风蚀沙漠化地区，风蚀是本区最主要的侵蚀类型。

Including the corrosion and abrasion

包括吹蚀和磨蚀

The average particle size of soil particles, the greater the wind speed, the greater the ability to make particles move

土壤颗粒的平均粒径越大，风速越大才能使颗粒移动

颗粒起动和吹扬风速（m s-1）

wind velocity of grains beginning to move and being lifted up（m s-1）

3. Grassland desertification

(1) the basic conditions, climate dry little rainPoor drought climate, surface water, river low-development water effect is weak, the physical weathering and wind effect significantly, thus forming vast gobi and desert.

①基本条件 ——气候干旱少雨

气候干旱，地表水贫乏，河流欠发育，流水作用微弱，而物理风化和风力作用显著，因此形成大片戈壁和沙漠；

(2) material conditions - loose on the ground, as sandy sedimentBecause of drought due to climate, sparse vegetation, soil development is poor, the ground more loose sandy sediment;

②物质条件 —— 地面疏松，为沙质沉积物

由于由于气候干旱，植被稀少，土壤发育差，平地多疏松的沙质沉积物；

(3) dynamic conditions of wind days and more concentrated Strong wind days, and concentrated in the winter and spring in the severe season of drought, would have created favorable conditions for the sand.

③动力条件——大风日数多且集中

大风日数多，且集中在冬春干旱的季节，从而为风沙活动创造了有利条件。

(4) the climate anomaly can be the fragile ecological environment imbalances, is causing desertification drought Hume.Belong to the temperate continental climate in this area, it is one of the most important feature is the change rate of temperature, precipitation.The change of rainfall, the occurrence and development of desertification play a crucial role.Rainy year to reduce sandstorm activities;Little rain, intensified desertification process.

④气候异常可以使脆弱的生态环境失衡，是导致荒漠化荒谟化进程。

本区属于温带大陆性气候，它具有的一个重要特征就是气温、降水的变率大。雨量的变化，对荒漠化的发生和发展起到至关重要的作用。多年有雨有利于抑制风沙活动；少雨年加剧荒漠化过程。

Artificial reason

1.Population explosion pressure on ecological environment

人口激增对生态环境的压力

2. Human activities on land resources, inappropriate, excessive use and unreasonable utilization of water resources

人类活动不当，对土地资源、水资源的过度使用和不合理利用

Adaptation

1. the rational utilization of water resources

(1) in the farming area is mainly to improve farming and irrigation technology, to promote water-saving agriculture, prevent soil salinization;

(2) in the grassland, a reduction in the number of Wells, in order to avoid a large number of cattle disorderly growth;

(3) in the arid inland areas to reasonable assigned, downstream of the river, the water resources, the development of both upper and middle reaches, and to take into account the downstream ecological environment protection.

⑴合理利用水资源

①在农作区主要是改善耕作和灌溉技术，推广节水农业，避免土壤的盐碱化；

②在牧区草原，减少水井的数量，以免牲畜的大量无序增长；

③在干旱的内陆地区要合理分配河流上、中、下游水资源，既考虑上、中游的开发，又要顾及下游生态环境的保护。

2.use of biological measures and engineering measures to constructing the system of protection

The oasis of arid region

I shall be carried out on the edge of the desert oasis periphery zone YuCao sealing sand;

Ii in the oasis frontier in constructing Joe, shrubs, combined with sand belts (positive protection, natural bringing vegetation recovery and development)

Iii in oasis farmland protection forest tries, internal form a multi-level protection system.

(2) in the lack of water area

Using materials such as straw, branches, set the barrier project in quicksand regions, intercepting sand, solid resistance quicksand, stop the dunes forward.

⑵利用生物措施和工程措施构筑防护体系

①干旱地区的绿洲地区

ⅰ应在绿洲外围的沙漠边缘地带进行封沙育草；

ⅱ在绿洲前沿地带营造乔、灌木结合的防沙林带（积极保护、恢复和发展天然灌草植被）

ⅲ在绿洲内部建立农田防护林网，组成一个多层防护体系。

②在缺乏水源的地区

利用柴草、树枝等材料，在流沙地区设置沙障工程，拦截沙源、固阻流沙、阻挡沙丘前移。

3. to adjust the relationship between the land for farming, forestry, YiLinZeLin, or animal husbandry

(1) the existing forest land should be as part of the protection forest, not destroying forest again.

(2) oasis bringing zone between the edge of the desert and oasis, cannot blind reclamation, mainly used for planting trees grow grass, forestry and animal husbandry development.

(3) on the places has caused desertification, returning farmland to forest, farmland HaiMu.

⑶调节农、林用地之间的关系——宜林则林，宜牧则牧

①现有林地应该作为防护林的一部分，不能再毁林开荒。

②绿洲边缘的荒地与绿洲之间的灌草地带，不能盲目开垦，主要用于种树种草，发展林业与牧业。

③对已经造成荒漠化的地方，还应退耕还林，退耕还牧。

4.to take all measures, many ways to solve the problem of the energy the pastoral areasThe way to solve the problem of farmers and herdsmen energy: such as build firewood forests and to build gas pool, the promotion of fuel-saving stove, etc.

⑷采取综台措施，多途径解决农牧区的能源问题

解决农牧民的能源问题的途径：如营造薪炭林、兴建沼气池、推广省柴灶等。

5. to control population growthControl rapid development of population, improve population quality, establish a coordinated development of population, resources and environment ecological system, is of great significance for prevention and control of desertification.

⑸控制人口增长

控制人口过快发展，提高人口素质，建立一个人口、资源、环境协调发展的生态系统，对荒漠化的防治有着重要的意义。

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