计算机网络

发布时间:2018-07-01 02:09:35   来源:文档文库   
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择题 30 每题 1

1. LAN:念,划分11 297 页)

Ethernet, wireless LAN 此题答案不明确

2. DNS层结rootDNS 服务top-level domainauthoritative

DNS DNS 结构。离 DNS 上存87 页,90 页)

root name server: contacts authoritative name server if name mapping not known, gets mapping, returns mapping to local name server

顶级域 (TLD) servers: responsible for com, org, net, edu, etc, and all top-level country domains uk, fr, ca, jp.

权威Authoritative DNS servers:主机名映射为IP地址的DNS记录

本地Local Name Server: caches mapping

3. TCP 三次握手three-way handshakingSYN ACK 志位,顺169 页)

4. SMTP: push protocol间投递邮使服务25 能用 7 ASCII

码表77 页)

SMTP: sending server to receiving server, port 25, messages must be in 7-bit ASCII, SMTP server uses CRLF.CRLF to determine end of message, SMTP: push

5. TCP/IP TCP/IP protocol suite

application: FTP, SMTP, HTTP transport: TCP, UDP network: IP, routing protocols link: PPP, Ethernet

6. 线pipelining:允组而须增146 页)

Pipelining: range of sequence numbers must be increased, buffering at sender and/or receiver

7. URL format<>://<>:<>/<> 仁第五版 238 页)

8. C/S P2P 7 53 页)

Client-server architecture: server: always-on host, permanent IP address, server farms for scaling(规模化的服务器场). clients: communicate with server, may be intermittently(间歇) connected, may have dynamic IP addresses, do not communicate directly with each other(客户机相互之间不能直接通信).

Pure P2P architecture: no always-on server, arbitrary(任意的) end systems directly communicate, peers are intermittently connected and change IP addresses, example: Gnutella, Highly scalable(可扩展性高) but difficult to manage

9. 用(demultiplexing)和multiplexing128 页)

Demultiplexing at rcv host: delivering received segments to correct socket

Multiplexing at send host: gathering data from multiple sockets, enveloping data with header (later used for demultiplexing)

10. 退 N go-back-Nsliding-windowcumulative acknowledgement): 接收一个确认超时将重传所 发送。接 1147 页)


11. port number的范0-65535端口well-known port number0-1023registered

port1024-49151端口(ephemeral port)49152-65535(129 ,谢希仁版教 183 )

周知端口号:是保留给诸如HTTPFTP之类的周知应用层协议的

12. TCP sequence number认号(acknowledge number)是该流编,确 认号报文157 页)

补:假定数据流由一个包含500 000字节的文件组成,MSS1000字节,数据流的首字节编号0TCP将为该数据流构建500个报文段。第一个报文段的序号被赋为0,第二个报文段的序号被赋为1000,以此类推。

从主机B到达的每个报文段中都有一个序号用于从B流向A的数据,主机A填充进报文段的确认号是主机A期望从主机B收到的下一字节的序号。

13. 受制于流控制和塞控,拥塞制中的塞窗congestion window)和threshold

147 180 页,183 页)

sender limits transmission: LastByteSent-LastByteAcked < CongWin

After 3 dup ACKs: CongWin is cut in half, window then grows linearly

after timeout event: CongWin instead set to 1 MSS, window then grows exponentially(指数), to a threshold, then grows linearly(线性)

14. TCP 字段TCP 范围20-60 157 页)

15. congestion controlslow startcongestion avoidance,加 减(AIMD180-184 页)

additive increase: increase CongWin by 1 MSS every RTT until loss detected

multiplicative decrease: cut CongWin in half after loss

Slow Start: When connection begins, CongWin = 1 MSS, available bandwidth may be >> MSS/RTT, When connection begins, increase rate exponentially fast until first loss event

congestion avoidance: After 3 dup ACKs: CongWin is cut in half, window then grows linearly. after timeout event: CongWin instead set to 1 MSS, window then grows exponentially(指数), to a threshold, then grows linearly(线性)

在收到3个冗余的ACK后取消慢启动阶段的行为称为快速恢复(fast recovery)

16. 前缀207 页)

Longest prefix matching(例题见207)

17. network trafficthroughput28 174 页,184 页)

Bottleneck link.

Average throughout: 0.75 W/RTT

18. RIP 向量DVhop量(metrics242 251 页)

Routing Information Protocol: distance vector algorithm, distance metric: # of hops (max = 15 hops)

RIP/UDP/IP

19. OSPF 链路状态LS239 253 页)

Open Shortest Path First: uses Link State algorithm and Dijkstra’s algorithm, multiple same-cost paths allowed (only one path in RIP)

OSPF/IP

20. BGP AS255 页)

Border Gateway Protocol

BGP/TCP/IP

21. 错控error detection methodparity checkchecksum循环

CRC算方284 页)

Parity check: 偶校验:d个数据比特加1个比特中1的总数为偶数,奇校验:奇数个1

在二维奇偶校验中可以检测到出现了单个比特差错的事实,而且可以利用列和行的小标来纠正。通常用于如音频CD这样的音频存储和回放设备。

Checksum:互联网检验和就是基于这种方法。所有的k比特进行求和,求和时有溢出就要被回卷,之后进行反码运算,得到检验和,在接收方将所有的k比特与检验和进行相加,如果无错就应该是全1

CRC (polynomial code 多项式编码):计算机网络中广泛的应用。

22. 287 页)

23. random access ALOHAALOHACSMA的特292 页)

Slotted ALOHA: when node obtains fresh frame, transmits in next slot, if no collision(碰撞): node can send new frame in next slot. if collision: node retransmits frame in each subsequent slot with prob. p(概率p) until success. 好:single active node can continuously transmit at full rate of channel, highly decentralized: only slots in nodes need to be in sync, simple. 不好:collisions, wasting slots, idle slots

At best: channel used for useful transmissions 37% of time

Pure (unslotted) ALOHA: simpler, no synchronization, transmit immediately, collision probability increases

even worse than slotted Aloha

CSMA (Carrier Sense Multiple Access): listen before transmit, If channel sensed idle: transmit entire frame, human analogy: don’t interrupt others.

CSMA/CD (Collision Detection): easy in wired LANs, difficult in wireless LANs, human analogy: the polite conversationalist.

24. ARP 广broadcast)发 ARP ,单unicast送响301 页)

A wants to send datagram to B, and B’s MAC address not in A’s ARP table, A broadcasts ARP query packet, containing B's IP address, dest MAC address = FF-FF-FF-FF-FF-FF, all machines on LAN receive ARP query, B receives ARP packet, replies to A with its (B's) MAC address, frame sent to A’s MAC address (unicast), A caches (saves) IP-to-MAC address pair in its ARP table until information becomes old (times out), ARP is “plug-and-play”

25. IP 址与 MAC 址的映射mappingNATARP地址?(228 300 页)

26. MAC 进制换。

MAC地址的长度为48位(6个字节),16进制表示,如08:00:20:0A:8C:6D(书上的表示法为08-00-20-0A-8C-6D)。其前608:00:20代表网络硬件制造商的编号,而后6位代表制造商所制造的某个网络产品(网卡)的系列号。

此题考的是计算,应该是二进制到十六进制的转换。

27. 特殊 IP

全网 0.0.0.0 广 255.255.255.255

loopback)地址 127.0.0.1

224.0.0.1

10.0.0.0---10.255.255.255 172.16.0.0---172.31.255.255 192.168.0.0---192.168.255.255

28. IP 各字段的些字发而216 页)

版本号 四位(ipv4 首部长度 4位(最大值60字节)区分服务 8 总长度16位(首部+data之和的长度)

标识 16(计数器,产生数据报标识) 标志(最低位MF=1表明后面有分片;中位DF=0允许分片

TTL 8位(可能通过路由器数量的最大值) 上层协议 8位(数据在上层使用什么协议6=TCP;17=UDP

协议中值为6表明数据部分要交给TCP,值为17表示数据要交给UDP

在每台路由器上都必须重新计算检验和并存放在原处,因为TTL字段及选项字段可能会改变。

29. TCP =0.75*W/RTT184 页)

30. 退binary exponential backoff algorithm308 页)k={0,1,2^m -1}m=min(n,10)等待K*512比特时间(1bit=0.1us)

此题请看书。

空题 10 每题 1

31. protocols define format, order of massages sent and received among network entities,

and actions taken on massage transmission, receipt.定义了在2个或多个通信实体之间交换的报文格式和次序,以及在报文传输接收或其他事件方面采取的动作。

32. 流量强度(traffic intensity)= La/R R=链路带宽 L=大小 a=平均25 页)

La/R ~ 0: average queueing delay small

La/R -> 1: delays become large

La/R > 1: more “work” arriving than can be serviced, average delay infinite

packet arriving to full queue dropped (aka lost又称为丢包)

L/R到达一个分组,则每个分组将到达一个空队列,因此不会有排队时延

33. FTP 21 口, 20 ,控制信out of band)传state数据连接非持久 non-persistent 连接

34. POP3 程和式:IMAP 载并USER PASS LIST RETR DELE QUIT82 页)

1. c: dele 1 C: retr 2 S: blah blah …… S: …..blah S: . C: dele 2 C: quit

2. c: retr 2 S: blah blah…… s: ……blah s: . c:quit

35. TCP LastByteRcvd – LastByteRead ≤ RcvBuffer

RcvWindow= RcvBuffer-[LastByteRcvd - LastByteRead] LastByteSent – LastByteAcked ≤ RcvWindow 167-168 页)

36. SR ,窗口长空间The window size must be <= half the size of the sequence number space for SR protocols.152 页)

37. 路由器的输入口:数据链处理(协议,拆封,查找、转发、队。虽然转表是由选路处理器计算 但通拷贝端口210 页)

三种交换结构:Switching Via Memory Switching Via a Bus Switching Via An Interconnection Network

输出端口:queueing (delay) and loss due to output port buffer overflow

38. 式。

RIP, OSPF, BGP

39. 型。

point-to-point(ppp hdlc), broadcast (shared wire or medium) 以太网无线lan都是广播。

40. MAC 址。

MAC (or LAN or physical or Ethernet) addressget frame from one interface to another physically-connected interface (same network)广播地址FF-FF-FF-FF-FF-FF

算题 2 题,共 15 分)

41. 1输延transmission delaypropagation delay传输时指设备送到

上所历的时间,等分组大/网络带宽L/R。传播时等于分组从物理链路端发送到另一端所经 时间/传播速度d/s23 页)

2换(packet switchstore and forward指在交换路传该分 组的须接18 页)

3用(TDM与频FDM17 页)

传速=比速/时隙 大小/传速=时间

一条电路的传输速率等于一个时隙中的比特数乘以该帧的速率,例如,如果链路每秒传输8000个帧,每个帧由8个比特组成,则一条电路的传输速率是64kbps

How long does it take to send a file of 640,000 bits from host A to host B over a circuit-switched network?

All links are 1.536 Mbps Each link uses TDM with 24 slots/sec500 msec to establish end-to-end circuit

Ans: 1.536mbps/24 = 64kbps, 640kb/64kbps = 10s, 10s + 0.5s = 10.5s

sending a 30-Mbit MP3 file from a source host to a destination host. A transmission rate of 10 Mbps. the propagation speed is 2*10^8 meters/sec and the distance between source and destination is 10000 km. Initially suppose there is only one link between the source and the destination. Also suppose that the entire MP3 file is sent as one packet.

The transmission delay is:
Correct: 3 seconds

the end-to-end delay (transmission delay plus propagation delay) is
Correct: 3.05 seconds

how many bits will the source have transmitted when the first bit arrives at the destination.
Correct: 500,000 bits

Now suppose there are two links between source and destination, with one router connecting the two links. Each link is 5,000 km long. Again suppose the MP3 file is sent as one packet. Suppose there is no congestion, so that the packet is transmitted onto the second link as soon as the router receives the entire packet.

The end-to-end delay is
Correct: 6.05 seconds

Now suppose that the MP3 file is broken into 3 packets, each of 10 Mbits. Ignore headers that may be added to these packets. Also ignore router processing delays. Assuming store and forward packet switching at the router,

the total delay is
Correct: 4.05 seconds

Now suppose there is only one link between source and destination, and there are 10 TDM channels in the link. The MP3 file is sent over one of the channels. The end-to-end delay is
Correct: 30.05 seconds

Now suppose there is only one link between source and destination, and there are 10 FDM channels in the link. The MP3 file is sent over one of the channels. The end-to-end delay is
Correct: 30.05 seconds

答题 45 分)

44. 一个体系结构(one architecture):分层体系结构

两个参考模型(two reference model):ISO/OSI 参考模型,TCP/IP 参考模型(32 页) 三个地址(three address):URLIP 地址,MAC 地址

四种控制(four control):差错控制(error control),流量控制(flow control),拥塞控制(congestion control),介质访问控制(medium access control

45. 自治系统(AS)间的路由:外部 BGP 会话(eBGP session)和内部 BGP 会话(iBGP session)。(256 页)

46. 拥塞控制(congestion control)的有限状态自动机(FSM)。


47. When you enter an URL in your browser and press ENTER, what happens? Hints: DHCP, UDP, IP, Ethernet, DNS, ARP, routing, TCP, HTTP


摘要:在浏览器 URL 的事情。括:

1. DHCP request :封 UDP 报和 IP 数据报, IP 0.0.0.0,目 IP 255.255.255.255

2. IP MAC 地址 00:16:D3:23:68:8A目的 MAC 地址 FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF

3. 广息并向所

4. DHCP 由器装并层。

5. IP IP 址、DNS 放入 DHCP ACK 封装并发

6. ,直接发址。

7. IP 址,网。

8. google IP 地址 DNS query

9. DNS query发现 MAC 址。

10. 广播发 ARP query根据网关 IP MAC 址。

11. 关发 ARP reply告知自己 MAC

12. ARP reply

13. 户机 DNS query 送到

14. 关根 DNS query 文中携带 DNS DNS query

15.

16. 本地 DNS 收到 query存的 google IP 地址 DNS IP 改动发送 reply

17. DNS reply,获 google IP

18. socket TCP SYN 息以建立 TCP 接。

19. ,选路,务器。

20. socket TCP SYNACK TCP 连接。

21. 息。

22. HTTP GET

23. ,将 response 回。

24. 消息,解示。

原文包括 DHCP discover DHCP offer 握手原文给出的 章节看。

下列的过

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