cause,reason,occasion,antecedent
These nouns denote what brings about or is associated with an effect or result. A
这些名词意指带来或关于某种影响或结果的原因。
cause is an agent or condition that permits the occurrence of an effect or necessarily or ineluctably leads to a result:
Cause 是允许一种效果的发生或必然、必要导致结果发生的动因或条件：
“He is not only dull in himself,but the cause of dullness in others” (Samuel Foote).
“他不仅仅是自己愚蠢，而且是引起他人愚蠢的原因” （塞缪尔·福特）。
Reason refers to what explains the occurrence or nature of an effect:
Reason 是指解释某种效果的发生或性质的措辞：
There was no obvious reason for the accident.
这场事故没有明显的缘由。
Occasion is a situation that permits or stimulates existing causes to come into play:
Occasion 是一种允许或激发既存原因发生作用的情形：
“Such were the causes; but the immediate occasion of his departure . . . was the favorable opportunity . . . of migrating in a pleasant way” (Thomas De Quincey).
“这就是原因；但使得他离开的直接动因…是能够舒服地移居的诱人机会。” （托马斯·德·昆西）。
Antecedent refers to what has gone before and implies a relationship—but not necessarily a causal one—with what ensues:
Antecedent 指先发生并且暗示着与后继者之间的关系—虽不必然是因果关系—的原因：
Some of the antecedents of World War II lie in economic conditions in Europe following World War I.
第二次世界大战的某些前因在于第一次世界大战后的经济情
rise,ascend,climb,soar,tower,mount,surge
These verbs are compared as they mean to move upward from a lower to a higher position.
当这些动词表示从某个较低的位置向某个较高的位置向上移动的意思时，他们均可进行比较。
Rise has the widest range of application:
Rise 的用法最为广泛：
We rose at dawn.
我们天亮时就起身了。
The sun rises early in the summer.
夏天的太阳出来得早。
Fog was rising from the pond.
雾正从池塘中升起。
Prices rise and fall.
物价时涨时落。
Ascend frequently suggests a gradual step-by-step rise:
Ascend 则通常表示一步一步逐渐地上升：
The plane took off and ascended steadily until it was out of sight.
飞机起飞之后平稳地逐渐升空直到消失在视野之外。
“Ascend above the restrictions and conventions of the world, but not so high as to lose sight of them” (Richard Garnett).
“上升到超越世俗的限制和风俗习惯的高度，但是不要高到看不见它们” （理查德·加尼特）。
Climb connotes steady, often effortful progress, as against gravity:
Climb 意指平稳，常常付出努力的前进，如为克服地球引力：
“still climbing after knowledge infinite” (Christopher Marlowe).
“为追求无边无际的知识而永远攀登” （克里斯托弗·马娄）。
“You climb up through the little grades and then get to the top” (John Updike).
“你穿越每一个小等级不断地往上爬，然后就会到达顶点” （约翰·厄普代克）。
Soar implies effortless ascent to a great height:
Soar 表示毫不费劲地上升到很高的高度：
A lone condor soared above the Andean peaks.
一只孤独无伴的大秃鹫翱翔在安第斯山峰的上空。
“Well is it known that ambition can creep as well as soar” (Edmund Burke).Totower is to attain a height or prominence exceeding that of anything in the surroundings:
“世人皆知，抱负既能飞腾也能爬行” （爱德蒙·伯克）。Tower 表示获得超出周围任何物体的高度或声望：
“the tall Lombardy poplar . . . towering high above all other trees” (W.H. Hudson).
“高大的箭杆杨…超出任何其他树的高度” (W.H.哈得孙）。
Bach's gifts towered over those of his contemporaries.
巴赫的天赋超过他所有同时代的人。
Mount in this comparison connotes progressive climb to a higher level:
Mount 与这些词相比较时表示朝更高水平的前进的攀登：
Water mounted in the ship's hold.
船的盛水器中水不断上涨。
The blood mounted to her cheeks.
血涌向她的脸颊。
Our expenses mounted fearfully.
我们的花销增涨得惊人。
Surge implies a tumultuous swelling or heaving force like that of waves:
Surge 表示（波浪等的）激烈的膨胀或沉重的力量：
The crowd of pedestrians surged ahead when the light turned green.
当灯光变成绿色时，行人猛烈地向前涌动。
I could feel indignation surging up in me. See also Synonyms at beginning ,stem 1
我感到一般愤怒之火正在心中急剧膨胀 参见同义词 beginning,stem1
raise
[reiz]
n.
上升, 高地, 提出
vt.
升起, 唤起, 提高, 使出现, 解除, 饲养, 筹集, 使复活
admit acknowledge confess
意都含“承认”的意思。
admit 通常指因外界压力、良心或判断而承认某事的存在或真实性, 含“不情愿”之意, 如:
I admit that she is right.
我承认她是对的。
acknowledge 指“公开承认”, 常用于过去隐瞒或否认之事,如:
With so much evidence against him he had to acknowledge his error.
在这么多的证据面前, 他不得不承认错误。
confess 着重承认自己的过错或罪恶, 因此有“忏悔”、“坦白”的含意, 如:
He has confessed his crime.
他承认了自己的罪行(含坦白之意)。
deny
ask,question,inquire,query,interrogate,examine,quiz
These verbs mean to seek information from a person.
这些动词都意指向某人打听消息。
Ask is the most neutral term:
Ask 是最中性的词：
asked her what was wrong;
问她出什么事了；
asked the way to the library;
问去图书馆的路；
ask too many questions.
问太多的问题。
Question often implies the asking of a series of questions, as in determining the scope of a problem:
Question 常含有问一系问题的意思，如在一限定的有余地的问题上：
The prosecutor questioned the witness in great detail.
起诉人详细询问证人。
Inquire, which often implies a comprehensive search for knowledge or truth, in this sense refers to a simple request for information:
Inquire 通常含有对知识或真理进行全面探索的意思，在这个意义上，它指对某种情况简单咨询：
inquired where the books were kept;
询问这些书在哪里放着；
will inquire how we can be of help;
将询问我们怎样才能帮上忙；
inquired about her health.
询问她的健康情况。
Query usually suggests questioning to settle a doubt:
Query 常含有询问以解除疑团的意思：
The proofreader queried the spelling of the word.
校对员对这个词的拼写有疑问。
Interrogate, a more formal word, applies especially to official questioning:
Interrogate 是一个比较正式的词，尤指正式的提问：
The suspects were called in and interrogated by detectives.
嫌疑犯被叫了进来，侦探对他们进行审问。
Examine refers particularly to close and detailed questioning to ascertain the extent of a person's knowledge or the adequacy of his or her qualifications:
Examine 尤指细微和详细的提问以确认某人的知识范围或他或她的资格是否符合：
At the end of the semester students are examined in every subject.
学期末学生们的每门课都举行了考试。
Only lawyers who have been examined and certified by the bar association are admitted to practice.
只有通过律师协会考试并获得证书的律师才能开业。
Quiz is used most frequently to denote the informal examination of students to verify their comprehension of classwork or reading:
Quiz 最常用来指对学生的非正式考试以证实他们对听课内容和阅读的理解情况：
The teacher quizzed the pupils on the multiplication tables.
老师测试了学生们对乘法表的掌握。
tell,instruct,inform 这组近义词的一般含义是“把某消息或某件事转达给别人”。
tell最通用，最不正式。它的含义是“把某事告诉某人”。它也含有给人以“指示”的意思，即“叫某人做某事”
Glancing at her scornfully, he told her that the dress was sold.
他轻蔑地看了她一眼，告诉她说那件衣服卖过了。
While we were waiting to land, the air-hostess told us to keep calm.
当我们等待着陆的时候，一位飞机乘务员叫我们保持镇静。
它的含义可以是“讲述某件事”
He has been able to tell us more about active volcanoes than any man alive.
他现在比任何人都能更多地向我们讲述有关活火山的情况。
instruct可以表示给某人以“指示”，不同于tell的地方在于这个词正式些。这是因为这个词的原义为teach。此外，instruct还可以表示“通知”，即“把某事告知某人”
The editor at once sent the journalist a telegram instructing him to find out the exact number of steps and the height of the wall.
编辑立即给这位记者发了一份电报，叫他查明台阶的准确数目以及围墙的高度。
注：由于instruct的原义是teach，所以这个词一般用于上级对下级或长辈对晚辈的指令。而tell却没有这层含义。在表示“通知”时，这个词和inform的差别也在于此。
inform的含义是“向某人传递信息”。虽然它可以表示把任何别人不知道的事情说出来，以使人知晓，但是这个词特别适用于告知所发生的情况或有关资料
I have just received a letter from my old school informing me that my former head-master, Mr Reginald Page, will be retiring next week.
我刚接到母校的一封信，通知我说我的老校长雷金纳德·佩奇先生将于下星期退休。
注：inform可以用于上级对下级，也可以用于下级对上级的通知。
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