山东理工大学
毕业设计
（外文翻译材料）
Intelligent Traffic Control System Design Based on Single
Chip Microcomputer
Abstract. This paper mainly introduces microcontroller of counter to
implement an intelligent traffic control system. The system uses an external
triggered pulses to simulate, through traffic to timing/counter car collection, so
as to realize the flow of traffic information digitization. Meanwhile, according
to historical stored data and automatic detection to car traffic information,
microcontroller will be compared, and the control model algorithm control
scheme by setting proper signal ratio, realizing the intelligent control traffic
signals.
Keywords: microcontroller, intelligent control system, timing ⁄ counters.
1 Introduction
Urban traffic control system is mainly used in city traffic data monitoring, traffic light
control and traffic persuation computer integrated management system, it has become
the most important part of the modern urban traffic control command system.
Therefore, each intersection installation traffic lights has become the most relieves
traffic vehicles and pedestrians most common and most effective management means,
and how to use advanced information technology transform urban traffic system has
become the consensus of urban traffic management.
2 System Compisition
The traffic light control system is used to receive, processing intersection traffic data
system, and according to the traffic flow conditions to be intelligent to adjust the
traffic lights light destroy time length. The purpose of the design of the control system
has two main function: Firstly ,finishing crossing the east-west and south-north two
directions of traffic flow detection based on experimental data, so as to provide data
modeling method; Secondly, by using the control system for intelligent control of
traffic lights.
Considering the actual feasibility, this system uses LED to replace the actual traffic
lights, and the traffic flow with external input data is simulated the pulses. From the
function can be mainly the whole control system points of traffic flow control
module, inspection module and traffic light control module. The traffic lights control
system of general function structure is as shown in figure 1.
Intelligent Traffic Control System Design Based on Single Chip Microcomputer 233
As can be seen from the figure, and conventional traffic control system, this system
mainly compared with the following features:
Control module by a single chip micro-controller, every function modules in
IC chips are based on development, each module and IC chips from bus way
between connected nearly;
Control system, signal and data flow is one-sided. Counter system provides
traffic data, after micro controller operational treatment, become the traffic
lights control instructions, the output to light control system;
Micro controller can be timely to various signal processed;
Between each device with bus way share data, system structure compact, data
security good;
It can be used as more intelligent control system hardware foundation.
Fig. 1. Composition of regulation system
3 System Design
This system hardware components selection is mainly made by ATMEL company in
the United States, the Intel company AT89S52 SCM 8255 programmable general
parallel interface and programmable timing/counter 8253. AT89S52 SCM is low
power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller. Slice the Flash memory with
8KB within, allowing within the system with programmer programming rewrite the
or. AT89S52 instruction system and 80C52 fully compatible with pins, 256B RAM
pieces (and the I/O, 32 mouth line, 316 timing/counters, the watchdog, six interrupt
source, a full-duplex serial port, etc, and can meet the practical needs of the system.
3.1 Counter
Adopting single external count chips, such as 82C53, 82C54 as special counter to
external input pulse signal as count chips, to realize the count of external pulse pulse
digital. Thus making road traffic flow into SCM, it can identify the pulse count for the single-chip computer completes control procedures and the output of the control order to provide basic data.
234 X. Lei et al.
Using external counter concrete process of realizing count as follows:
Using external crystals produce a certain frequency counts circuit impulse;
Make this frequency as the count of the count to measuring pulse signal, as an
external counter count pulse, external chip in door control cycle count to count pulse;
In count ends, external chip output produces low level would trigger MCU
disruptions, the special chip microcontroller will read back the count value, and
control algorithm of computing.
Counting pulse frequency rely on external crystal frequency, although external
crystals has the higher frequency of the more help to improve the accuracy of pulse
count, but eventually input to external counter pulse frequency had better not exceed
10MHz.
Using single chip external counter to realize pulse count method has two main
inside let: the first is the hardware circuit design, including the microcontroller each
port connection, the interrupt signal design etc; Once again, is MCU count program,
mainly responsible for control each interrupt and the timer complete corresponding
pulse count process.
3.2 Traffic Signal Control Module
The traffic lights control module drives traffic lights and kills bright by receiving to
traffic light controller microcontroller issued instructions according to the requirement of the module, microcomputer in the flow of traffic information obtained through control algorithm, after the treatment, do to the current vehicle out after information correctly judge, according to each direction of flow of traffic lights make optimization of adjustment, and displayed on the LED on simulation of the actual situation.
In this control system, using LED to simulate realistic traffic lights, the east, west,
north and south, four directions each have three lamp that LED; Color is red olivine,
total is 12 lamp; Respectively represent four intersection traffic lights. Each direction
from the traffic light through 8255 driver to command four intersection traffic.
Realizing the traffic lights of intelligent adjustment is the core of this control system,but also key points of control program.
Getting the right about microcomputer in the east-west and south-north direction
crossroads vehicle traffic data, using east-west and south-north direction intersection
traffic data to compare, and then will larger values as its benchmark, the adjustment
of the historical information in cars for comparison, the final again according to the
result of the comparison to adjust the length of time signal light out. Figure 2 attaches
this intelligent traffic control system's double circuit board PCB figure.
4 System Control Scheme
4.1 Timing Signal Control Plan
If we want to effectively overcome timing control of single zone can't adapt to the
control of traffic flow of change, and use many sections of control method to setting
difficult disadvantages and it will timing control, thus effectively improved better
Intelligent Traffic Control System Design Based on Single Chip Microcomputer 235
control method, this method is called "induction - timing signal control", this kind of
traffic control machine in induction signal control mode, general record each cycle,
each phase of the actual green time, and carries on the effective statistics. If in the
measurement of time, finds the actual green large variation, says this time the
intersection of traffic is not very stable, can use inductive signal control methods for
effective control.
Fig. 2. Intelligent traffic control system PCB figure
But if found within prescribed number of cycles in measure of actual green time in
a given range, this explains this period of time in a relatively stable state cars, can use
the timing signal control method, at this time control machine can immediately switch
to the system operating mode, the present each phase of the best green time is the
actual average statistical income. Meanwhile, continue to records and statistics actual
green time, when the statistical results more than a given allow range, and switch to
another new operation mode or state. This control method overcame many
shortcomings, effective adapted to different time traffic characteristics.
4.2 Traffic Lights Fuzzy Control
Under normal conditions, inductive control is used in the detection of vehicle data,
and through effective analysis to make the next moment pairing solutions and not
236 X. Lei et al.
real-time control the current traffic signals, must go through a period of delay. This
may cause empty waiting situation, still need to prepare more and more complex
calculation program. Therefore, in the design, can draw up 1 set of traffic lights,
according to the fuzzy control scheme of the intersection of two directions, to make
the dynamic vehicle, and the corresponding adjustments with the biggest since cars, to guarantee to prevent traffic jams happen, so as to achieve the best control traffic.
In addition, in order to be able to accurately collection green direction, can be in
the vehicle amount each side intersection set pressure sensor, generally in each side
have set up 2, in order to get effective data.
4.3 Overall Scheme
In control, timing control though it is not very suitable for traffic flow changes,
especially in the empty box above intersections, but digital display can display the
current light color the remaining time which allows the driver to effectively control of
your driving action, timely start and stop. Although sensors can adapt to all kinds of
intersection control, but can't control, united cannot be convenient digital display to
show the rest of the time when the light color. Therefore, in order to enable control
machine that adapt to the intersection, and effectively online control in the system,
can by two control method.
In phase aspect, as four phase control have high security, but four phase control
function of the intersection of driveway separation in the use, in light of the traffic
flow situation traffic low efficiency. But two phase control although security is low,
but it can be used on any intersection, make traffic efficiency is higher, therefore,
when facing different actual situation, you can combine two phase and four phase
control two ways to achieve effective control.
5 The Mathematical Model
We'll build traffic bypath mathematical model of the traffic flow:
(1)n(x, t) : car number through the unit length (namely density)
q(x, t) : car number through the unit time (namely flow)
If , then it means the number of cars into the number of cars is equal to
open out;
If , then it means the number of cars into the number of cars less than the
open out;
If , then it means the number of cars into the number of cars more than theopen out;
Intelligent Traffic Control System Design Based on Single Chip Microcomputer 237
Red light, only car wheels and no car exit
,then car density increases.
Green, yellow light, both cars into and exit, generally speaking, the car density
decreased . The green light, to ensure the vehicles stranded at a red light and a part of
the green into when vehicles have enough time through a bypath. So the green time
including driver reaction time and car start-up time, the team through the time needed
for crossing.
Set for legal speed 0 v , red car captain for stranded is r l , g l is the captain part
when the car go into a green light , crossroads length is L , auto acceleration is a, the
driver's response time and start time for 1 T . So long as the g T green,
(2)
Yellow light, has crossed the vehicle can stop line without stop, continued stop line
bans continue to pass. For drivers, into stop line after he saw after the yellow light
signal decision will be: is parking or through the intersection. When deciding parking
there must be sufficient stopping distance; When the decision by crossroads must
have enough through the intersection between. So the yellow light time including
driver reaction time, the car through crossroads and the time required braking
distance.
Set for legal speed 0 v , body long for 0 l , crossroads length is L, automobile
braking tires when the friction coefficient and the road for , gravity acceleration
for g, the driver's response time for 0 T .So the duration yellow light
(3)
Assuming 0 T = 0.5 s, 0 l = 4.5 m, L = 10m, = 0.2, 0 v = 30km/h, y T = 4.32 s
from experience to y T = 3s. Asher 0 v =30km/ h, g l = 50m, L =10m, a = 4m/ s2 ,
the driver's response time and start-up time for 1 T = 0.8 s, we can draw a verdict as
table 1 shows.
Table 1. The approximate relationship between distance and time
238 X. Lei et al.
6 Summary
This paper is mainly through the use of American ATMEL company 8-bit
microcontroller, relating settings, forming a simple intelligent traffic control system,
the purpose is: When under the environment of the university have experiment, for
students to do some design type experiment, it can be the verification or innovative, to provide students with a simulated environment platform; Also it can give related
transportation management departments to provide some intelligent control ideas, and
thereby more effective and reasonable to regulate the traffic. Need explanation is,
although at present the most using 32-bit SCM in related research and application
based on this system, but the actual need, 8-bit microcontroller enough to satisfy the
design needs, so with this ATMEL8 a single-chip computer completes the entire
system construction design, also can save the hardware cost, if function set more or
data processing is bigger, we can consider to use 16 or 32 bits single-chip computer
completes.
References
1. Chen, F., Zhu, Y., Shen, Y.: Microcontroller and PLC Application Technology, pp. 1–273.
Electricity Son Industry Press, Beijing (2003)
2. Single Chip Microcomputer Application Director System Design and Practical Technology,
pp. 21-319. Machinery Industry Publication Clubs, Beijing (2004)
3. Shen, G.: Based on Single-Chip Microcomputer Intelligent System Design and Realization,
pp. 1–335. Electronic Industry Publication Clubs, Beijing (2003)
4. Fu, X.: The Single Chip Computer and Electromechanical Interface Technology. National
Defense Industry Publication Clubs, Beijing (2002)
智能交通控制系统的基础上设计单
单片机
摘要。本文主要介绍单片机的计数器实施一个智能交通控制系统。该系统使用一个外部模拟触发脉冲，通过交通定时/计数器汽车收藏，所以为实现交通流信息数字化。同时，按照历史数据存储和自动检测到汽车交通信息，单片机将比较，和控制模型算法控制通过设置适当的信号比，实现智能化控制交通信号。
关键词：单片机，智能控制系统，定时⁄计数器
1城市交通控制系统主要是用于城市交通数据监测，交通灯控制与交通疏导的计算机综合管理系统，它已成为最重要的部分是现代城市交通监控指挥系统。因此，每一个路口安装交通灯已成为最能缓解交通车辆和行人的最常见和最有效的管理方式，如何利用先进的信息技术改造城市交通系统成为共识，城市交通管理
2系统交通灯控制系统用于接收，处理交叉口的交通数据系统，并根据交通流条件，智能调整交通灯的光线破坏时间长度。目的是控制系统的设计有2个主要功能：首先，整理东西、南北两路口方向的交通流量检测的实验数据的基础上，以提供数据建模方法；其次，利用控制系统智能控制交通信号灯。
考虑到实际可行性，本系统采用发光二极管代替实际交通灯，和交通流量与外部输入数据的模拟脉冲。从功能主要是整个控制系统的交通流控制模块，检测模块和交通灯控制模块。交通灯控制系统的总体功能结构如图1所示。
如图所示，与传统的交通控制系统，这个系统主要比较具有以下特点：
•控制模块由一个单片机控制，各功能模块
集成电路芯片发展的基础上，每个模块和集成电路芯片总线方式
连接近；
•控制系统，信号和数据流是片面的。计数器系统提供
交通数据后，微控制器操作处理，成为交通
灯的控制指令，输出控制系统；
•微控制器可以及时对各种信号处理；
•每个设备之间共享数据总线方式，系统结构紧凑，数据
安全性好；
•可以作为智能控制系统的硬件基础。
图1。组成的调节系统
3系统设计
该系统的硬件组成的选择主要是由公司公司美国英特尔公司的AT89S 52单片机，8255可编程通用并行接口和可编程定时/计数器8253。AT89S 52单片机的低电源电路，高性能的8位单片机。片的快闪记忆体中内，允许在系统程序员编程改写或单片机指令系统和80C 52完全兼容的引脚，256b件（与输入/输出口，32线，316个定时/计数器，看门狗，六中断源，一个全双工串行端口，等，可以满足实际需要的系统。
3.1计数器
采用单一的外部计数芯片，如82c53，电机为专柜外部输入脉冲信号计数芯片，实现对外部脉冲计数脉冲数字。从而使道路交通流到单片机，它可以识别的脉冲数为单片机完成控制程序和输出控制命令提供基本数据。使用外部计数器实现计数的具体过程如下：使用外部晶体产生一定频率的脉冲计数电路；使这个频率计数的计数脉冲信号测量，作为一个外部计数器计数脉冲，外部芯片门控制周期计数计数脉冲；在计数结束，外部芯片的输出产生低电平触发单片机中断的专用芯片，单片机将读取计数值，并控制算法的计算。计数脉冲频率依赖外部晶振频率，虽然外部晶体具有较高的频率，更帮助提高准确性脉搏计数，但最终输入到外部计数脉冲的频率最好不超过MHz。利用单片机外部计数器实现脉冲计数方法有2在里面：第一是硬件电路设计，包括单片机的每端口连接，信号中断，设计等；再次，是单片机计数程序，主要负责控制每个中断和定时器完成相应的脉冲计数方法。
3.2交通信号控制模块
交通灯控制模块驱动器交通灯和杀死明亮的接收交通灯控制器的微控制器发出指令根据要求该模块，微机在交通流信息通过控制算法，治疗后，对当前车辆的后信息正确判断，根据每个方向流动，使优化的交通信号灯调整，并显示在发光二极管模拟实际情况。在这一控制系统，使用模拟现实的交通灯，东，西，南、北四个方向，每个有三个灯，发光二极管；颜色是红黄绿，一共是12灯；分别代表了四个十字路口的交通灯。每个方向从交通灯8255司机四交叉路口交通指挥。实现交通灯的智能调整是本文的核心控制系统，也是关键点控制程序。获得正确的微机的东西、南北方向十字路口车辆交通数据，东西、南北方向交叉使用交通数据进行比较，然后将较大的值为基准，调整历史信息的汽车进行比较，最后再根据比较结果调整时间长度信号灯。图2高度这种智能交通控制系统的双线路板图。
4系统控制方案
4.1定时信号控制计划
如果我们要有效地克服定时控制单区不能适应世界控制交通流量的变化，并使用多节的控制方法，设置困难的缺点，它会定时控制，从而有效地提高智能交通控制系统的基础上设计了235单片机控制方法，这种方法被称为“异步定时信号控制”，这种交通感应信号控制机控制方式，一般记录每个周期，每个阶段的实际绿色，并进行有效的统计。如果在测量时，发现实际的绿色大变化，说这一次交叉口交通不是很稳定，可以使用感应信号控制方法有效的控制。
图2。智能交通控制系统电路图
但是，如果发现在规定的周期数衡量实际绿色时间一个给定的范围，这说明这段时间在一个相对稳定的状态，可以使用定时信号控制方法，在这个时间机器可以立即切换控制该系统的操作模式，目前各个阶段的最佳时间是绿色的实际统计的平均收入。同时，继续记录和统计实际绿色的时候，当统计结果超过一个给定的允许范围，并切换到一个新的操作模式或状态。这种方法克服了许多缺点，有效的适应不同时间的交通特性
4.2交通灯的模糊控制正常情况下，感应控制是用于探测车数据，并通过有效的分析，使下一刻配对的解决方案和notreal-time控制目前的交通信号，必须经过一段延迟。这可能导致空等情况，还需要准备更多和更复杂的计算程序。因此，在设计，可以绘制出1套交通灯，根据模糊控制方案的两根交叉的方向，使车辆动态，并相应调整以来最大的汽车，到保证防止发生交通堵塞，以达到最佳的控制交通。
此外，为了能够准确地收集绿色的方向，可以在车辆数量每侧路口设置压力传感器，一般每侧已成立2年，以获得有效数据。
4.3总体方案
在控制，定时控制，虽然它不是很适合交通流量的变化，尤其在空盒子上面路口，但数字显示器可以显示目前的浅色余下的时间，这使驾驶员能够有效控制你的驾驶行为，及时启动和停止。虽然传感器可以适应各种交叉口控制，而不能控制，不能方便的数字显示，美国显示剩余时间时，光的颜色。因此，为了使控制机器适应的交集，和有效的在线控制系统，可以通过控制方法。在相位方面，作为四阶段的控制有较高的安全性，但四阶段控制功能交叉车道分离中的使用，针对交通交通流状况的低效率。但是两相控制虽然安全性低，但它可以用于任何交叉，使交通效率更高，因此，当面对不同的实际情况，你可以结合两相和四相控制方式实现有效的控制
5个数学模型
我们将建立数学模型的交通道的交通流量：
（1）：汽车通过单位长度（即密度）
：汽车通过单位时间（即流）
如果问，然后有多少汽车，汽车的数量等于
打开了；
如果问，然后有多少汽车，汽车的数量小于
打开了；
如果问，然后有多少汽车，汽车的数量超过了
打开了；
分享到
绿，黄灯，汽车进入和退出，一般来说，车辆密度。绿色光，确保车辆滞留在一个红灯和一部分绿色时，车辆有足够的时间通过一个旁路。因此，绿色的时间包括司机的反应时间和启动时间，球队需要的时间交叉的。设置的法律0伏，红车队长困是我，我是克船长的一部分
当汽车进入一个绿色的光，十字路口的长度是，汽车是一个加速的，驾驶员反应时间和开始时间为1。只要给绿，
黄灯，已越过停止线的车辆可以不停，继续停止线禁止继续通过。司机在停车线后，他看到后，黄灯信号会决定：停车或通过路口。当决定停车场必须有足够的停车距离；当决策的十字路口，必须有足够的通过之间的交叉。因此，黄灯时间包括司机的反应时间，车穿过十字路口和所需的时间，制动距离。
设置的法律0，体长为0升，十字路口的长度，汽车刹车时轮胎摩擦系数和道路μ，重力加速度克，驾驶员的反应时间为0吨。所以时间黄灯
假设0=0.5，0= =4.5米，米，μ=0.2，0=30公里/小时，γ=4.32从经验到γ=3。亚瑟0=30公里/小时，克= =5，10，=400/ s 2，司机的反应时间和启动时间为1=0.8，我们可以得出一个结论为表1显示。
表1。之间的距离和时间的近似关系
6总结
本文主要是通过使用美国爱特梅尔公司8位微控制器，涉及的设置，形成一个简单的智能交通控制系统，宗旨是：在大学的环境实验，为学生做一些设计型实验，可以验证或创新，到为学生提供一个模拟环境平台；也可以给相关交通管理部门提供一些智能控制思想，和从而更有效和合理的交通管制。需要说明的是，虽然目前大多数使用32位单片机在相关的研究和应用根据这一制度，但实际需要，8位单片机足够满足设计的需要，为此atmel8单片机完成整个系统结构设计，也可以节省硬件成本，如果函数集或更多数据处理更大，我们可以考虑使用16或32位单片机完成。
工具书类
1。陈，F，朱，Y，沈，纽约：单片机应用技术，页1–273。电力儿子工业出版社，北京（2003）
2。单片机应用系统的设计与实用技术总监，21-319页。机械工业出版俱乐部，北京（2004）
3。沈，如：基于单片机的智能系统的设计与实现，1页–335。电子工业出版俱乐部，北京（2003）
4。福，例：单片机和机电接口技术。国家国防工业出版俱乐部，北京（2002）
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∙ 支持网页翻译，在输入框输入网页地址即可
∙ 提供一键清空、复制功能、支持双语对照查看，使您体验更加流畅
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