英语化学词汇的组词规律
1．化学元素（Chemical elements）
A—音译transliteration
B—意译transcribe or free translation
C—意音兼译translation by meaning and pronunciation
2．化学基团chemical groups
各种元素element的原子atom组合成分子molecule，按性质可以把分子分为不同的原子团radicle，分子中这些具有相对独特性质的原子团，称为官能团functional group，或范围更广一点，称作化学基团chemical group.
说明：-ol表示醇羟基，-an与烷有关，表示是饱和状态，-en与烯有关，有不饱和的意义，相应的饱和状态的羟基即醇-anol，不饱和状态的羟基即酚-enol。在结构较为复杂的醇类化合物中，常常只用-ol；酮-one是相当于用氧o替换了烯-ene中的一个碳，二者均为不饱和结构。
ether(醚)，ester(酯)，只要在化学基后加上这两个词，就获得了两组英文词。例如：甲醚methyl ether，甲酯methyl ester。
3．化合物类别及化学官能团Classes of compounds and functional groups
化合物类别
官能团
其他官能团（注意类别）
4．前缀和后缀prefix and suffix
（1）前缀
A．表示取代位置的前缀
B．表示取代数量的前缀
戊、己、庚等指的是分子式中所含有的碳原子或其他原子的数目，而五、六、七等数字表示在一个独立单位内，共存在几个相同的相对独立的个体。
C．表示旋光性的前缀
D．表示氧化程度的前缀
E．其他常用前缀：
（2）后缀
A．糖-ose
例：葡萄糖glucose
B．酶-ase或enzyme
例：乳糖酶lactase；胞内酶intracellular enzyme
C．醛-al或aldehyde
例：氯醛chloral
D．胺-amine
例：氯胺chloramine
E．苯胺-aniline
例：硝基苯胺nitroaniline
F．酰胺-amide
例：乙酰胺acetamide
G．酰亚胺-imide
例：聚酰亚胺polyimide
H．后缀-ide、-ate、-ite的比较与分析
例：硫酸 sulfuric acid
亚硫酸 sulfurous acid
硫化物 sulfide ：硫化钠 sodium sulfide
硫酸盐 sulfate ：硫酸钠 sodium sulfate
亚硫酸盐 sulfite ：亚硫酸钠 sodium sulfite
磷酸 phosphoric acid
亚磷酸 phosphorous acid
磷化物 phosphide： 二磷化钙calcium phosphide
磷酸盐 phosphate： 磷酸钙calcium phosphate
亚磷酸盐 phosphite：亚磷酸钙calcium phosphite
硝酸 nitric acid
亚硝酸 nitrous acid
氮化物 nitride： 一氮化三钠 sodium nitride
硝酸盐nitrate： 硝酸钠 sodium nitrate
亚硝酸盐 nitrite： 亚硝酸钠sodium nitrite
碳酸 carbonic acid
含碳的 carbonous
碳化物 carbonide： 碳化钙calcium carbonide
碳酸盐 carbonate： 碳酸钠sodium carbonate
特例：盐酸hydrochloric acid，只有氢氯化物hydrochloride的形式，翻译成盐酸某某某。
5．翻译方法methods of translation
（1）顺式翻译
例：
polytetrafluoroethylene（PTFE）聚四氟乙烯，poly（聚），tetra（四），fluoro（氟，氟基），ethylene（乙烯）
hydrocyanic acid 氢氰酸
acrylonitrile dipolymer 丙烯腈二聚物
（2）反式翻译
例：
A．化学酸与化学元素化合时：
Sodium hydroxide（氢氧化钠），英文中钠在前，中文里钠在后。
B．化学酸与化学基团化合时：
Butyl acetoacetate，aceto是acetyl（乙酰基、醋酸基）的变体
Ethyl thiocarbonate
thio与sulfuric的差别：thio是“含硫的，硫代的”，指硫代替了其他原子，如噻吩，英文名为thiofuran，直译为“硫代呋喃”，相当于把呋喃中的氧用硫代替，得到的化合物。Sulfuric的含义则是以硫为基础，与其他原子形成的基团或化合物，看下面的词sodium thiosulphate（硫代硫酸钠），硫代替了硫酸根上的一个氧。
1-异丙氨基-3-[对-(2-甲氧乙基)苯氧基]-2-丙醇
1-[4-(2-甲氧乙基)苯氧基]-3-[(1-甲基乙基) 氨基] -2-丙醇
1-(isopropylamino)-3-[p-(2-methoxyethyl) phenoxy]-2-propanol
1-[4-(2-methoxyethyl) phenoxy]-3-[(1-methylethyl) amino] propan-2-ol
#Develop的译法
• 表示（开始）得了某种疾病
– Some people develop skin rashes when they take sulfas. 有些人服用磺胺药物后会出现皮疹。
– If one is discovered to have developed high blood-pressure or heart-disease, he is immediately transferred to light work. 如果发现谁得了高血压或心脏病，就立即调去做较轻松的工作。
– Lung fever develops from flu. 肺炎是由流行性感冒引起的。
– She developed symptoms of consumption. 她出现了肺结核症状。
– He developed a cough. 他开始咳嗽了。
• 用于动、植物的生长等
– The bud developed into a blossom. 花蕾开出了鲜花。
– Land animals are believed to have developed from sea animals. 陆地动物被认为是由海洋动物进化而来的。
– Warm rains and summer suns develop the plants. 和暖的雨水和夏日的阳光促使植物生长。
– The fetus develops lungs relatively late in the gestation period. 在妊娠期胎儿的肺生长得相对慢些。
– An example is the fine strain of rice we have developed. 我们培育出的优良品种就是一例。
– Sure enough, 80 percent of the plants developed the disease. 果然，80%的庄稼都染上了这种病。
– A chicken develops in the egg. 鸡在蛋中发育。
• （电影、相照）胶卷的冲洗等也常用此词
– The photographers developed the film by treating it with chemicals. 摄影师用化学药剂使底片显影。
– He was in the dark room developing his films. 他在暗室洗相片。
– This type of film develops in twenty minutes. 冲洗此类软片需要20分钟。
• 在科技文章中，除经常译成“研制、发展、开发、设计”等外，还可以译成：
– Another American, Henry Ford, developed the idea of the assembly line. 另一个名叫亨利·福特的美国人萌发了装配线的主意。
– A series of volcanic eruptions developed along the fault. 一系列的火山爆发正在断层带酝酿。
• 此外，develop一词有时可不必译出。
如 a motor that develops 100 h.p. 一台100马力的发动机。
Package Insert
The information in a package insert follows a standard format for every medication. After some identifying information such as the Brand Name and Generic Name of the product, the following sections appear
sections
● Description 性状
● Clinical Pharmacology 药理作用
● Indications and Usage 适应症
● Contraindications 禁忌症
● Warning 注意事项
● Precautions 注意事项
● Adverse Reactions 不良反应
● Overdosage 药物过量
● Dosage and Administration 用法用量
● How Supplied 外观、包装、及贮藏
Package inserts for some medicines also include sections such as Drug Interactions, Drug Abuse and Dependence. If matters on Drug Abuse and Dependence are potential problems, and some begin with "Box Warnings," which highlight especially serious (often life-threatening) adverse reactions that have been reported.
Drug Name
● Brand Name 商品名
=Trade Name
(name with registered trademark)
● Generic Name 非专利名称, 通用名
● 翻译方法:
► 音译: Atropine 阿托品
► 谐音译: Reserpine 利血平
► 意译: Tablet Tribromidi 三溴片
► 意音结合:Neostigmine Bromide溴化新斯的明
► 中文译名的转化:Penicillin盘尼西林→青霉素
Description
● chemical name and structure
● Dosage form and administration
► tablet form, capsule, liquid, etc.
► given-by mouth (oral administration), by injection, by adding it to a solution being given via an intravenous (IV) line (parenteral administration), and so forth.
● inactive ingredients
► filler, artificial color,or flavoring
Clinical Pharmacology
● How the medicine works in the body: absorption, elimination, and effects at various concentrations.
● Studies in different groups of people: children, elderly people, women, or people of different races.
● (Sometimes) The results of studies for different purposes
药理作用的常见相关标题
● Clinical Pharmacology
● Clinical Data
● Clinical Use
● Clinical Effect
● Mode of Mechanism of Action
● Pharmacological Actions
● Therapeutical Action
● Toxicology
Indications and Usage
● Uses (indications) approved by regulatory agencies
● 相关词汇:
indication 适应症
action and use 作用与用途
usage 用途
treatment 主治
Dosage and Administration
● 常见给药途径:
orally 口服
intramuscularly 肌注
intravenously 静注
subcutaneously 皮下
locally 局部给药
● 剂量单位:
mg, ml, IU (International Unit)
● 性别
male, female
● 年龄
adult, children, infant, newborn
children under 18 years old
children under 12 years of age
children aged 6-10 years
over 10 years of age
● 服药时间和次数:
every day, a day, per day, daily
every other day, two-daily
every eight hours, eight-hourly
once/twice/three times a day
per kilo of body weight
mg/kg/day
● 剂量和服法
once daily for 10-15 days or
0.5-1.0 mg/kg/day
One capsule daily, before breakfast or 10-14 hours before retiring.
- or adhere to the instructions of the physician 遵医嘱
Warnings, Precautions
● Warnings: serious side effects
► Box Warning: especially severe or life-threatening problems
● Precautions: advises how to use the medication most safely and effectively
► Laboratory tests before taken or during in use
► Activities required special caution
► Information on pregnancy/ nursingmothers/ children/
older people
► Drug/food Interactions
● 常用标题:
causions, precausions, warning, note, notice, attention
Adverse Reactions
● all the side effects reported
Everything that happened to people (and sometimes also animals) regardless of whether it actually had any connection to the medicine.
● 常见标题:
adverse reactions, by-effects, side effects, toxicity reactions
Contraindications
● contra-indications
● If you have a significant medical disorder, this is the place to find out whether it's likely to cause a problem if you take this medicine
Drug Abuse and Dependence
● This section tells whether this medicine could be abused or cause psychological or physical dependence.
● Have used a dependency-causing medicine for a while, If you want to stop taking it, the dosage will have to be tapered very slowly
Overdosage
● This section tells what the results of a large overdose of the medicine are likely to be and how they should be treated.
● This kind of information is mainly useful to medical personnel.
● 常见标题:
overdosage, treatment of overdosage
How Supplied
● all the available forms:
Each one is described by color, shape, and markings
If you have a liquid, is it a suspension that needs to be shaken before use?
● storage instructions
● Manufd. Date & Expiration Date
Use before,Shelf-life,storage life
● Lot No.
Batch No.
● Manufacturer
● References
Literature
Other Items
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