八年级牛津版上册unit1 课文

Unit 1 Encyclopaedias

一、词汇课文复现

二、词汇句型语法知识拓展

三、高频词汇

   inventor  include  musician win find out

四、语法专题

   复合不定代词

      some any somebody anybody nobody（some和any）

     被动语态初步认识

  五、课文重点句型及短语归纳

1.         encyclopaedia  n.百科全书   

2.         human  adj.人的

3.         dinosaur  n.恐龙

4.         ﹡Italian  n.意大利人，Italy  n  意大利

All roads lead to Rome.(谚)条条大路通罗马；殊途.

Rome was not built in a day.(谚)罗马城不是一天建成的；伟业非一日可成

When in Rome do as the Romans do.

5.         inventor  n. 发明家

6.         musician  n. 音乐家

7.         scientist  n.科学家

8.         born  v. (be born)出生

9.         countryside  n.乡村; 农村

 The Italian musician was born in France, and when he was at the age of five, he together with his parents moved to Italy.

He liked drawing , playing music and inventing things at school. He  had many inventions, so he was a famous inventor in the world.

10.     intelligence  n.才智;智慧

11.     ﹡artistic  adj. 有艺术天赋的

12.     ability  n. 才能；能力

13.     perhaps  adv.可能;大概

14.     invention  n. 发明

15.     notebook  n. 笔记本

16.     include  v. 包括；包含

17.     even  adv. (强调出乎意料) 甚至

18.     however  adv. 然而 

19.     suddenly   adv.突然；忽然

20.     nobody  pron. 没有人

21.     ﹡fossil  n. 化石

22.     win  v. (won, won) (在比赛中)获胜,赢

23.     dollar  n.元（美国、加拿大等国货币单位）

24.     in the countryside在乡村;在农村

25.     human being人

26.     die out灭绝;消失

27.     find out了解(到);弄清

28.     go for a walk去散步

一、词汇课文复现 

一、课文再现

Look it up!

Here are two articles from an encyclopaedia.

Da Vinci, Leonardo

Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) was an Italian painter, inventor, musician, engineer and scientist.

Da Vinci was born in the countryside. From an early age, he showed great intelligence and artistic ability. As he grew older, he learnt to do many different things. His paintings are very famous, and one, the Mona Lisa, is perhaps the most famous painting in the world. He also had many inventions. For example, his notebooksinclude some interesting drawings of flying machines. (See Art)

Dinosaurs

  Dinosaurs lived on Earth more than 60 million years before human begins. They lived everywhere on Earth. Some dinosaurs were as small as chickens. Others were as big as ten elephants. Some could even fly.

Many dinosaurs ate plants. However, some dinosaurs liked to eat meat.

     Dinosaurs lived on Earth for more than 150 million years. Then, suddenly, they all died out. Nobody knows why. However, we can learn about them from their fossils. (See Earth history)

查找它

这里有来自百科全书的两篇文章。

列奥纳多•达•芬奇

列奥纳多•达•芬奇(1452 - 1519)是意大利画家,发明家,音乐家,工程师和科学家。

达芬奇出生在农村。从很小的时候,他表现出极大的智慧和艺术才能。当他长大时,他学会了做很多不同的事情。他的画是非常出名的,其中一个,蒙娜丽莎,也许是世界上最著名的画。他也有很多发明。例如,他的笔记本包括一些有趣的飞行机器的图画。(见艺术) 恐龙

恐龙生活在地球上人类6000万多年前。他们生活在地球各个地方。一些恐龙和鸡一样小。其他的有十头大象一样大。一些甚至可以飞。

许多恐龙吃植物。然而,一些恐龙喜欢吃肉。

恐龙在地球上生活了1.5亿多年。然后,突然,他们都灭绝了。没有人知道为什么。不过,我们可以从化石中了解他们。(见地球历史)

 

P.13 More practice

 

                                Australia's big attractions

     Australia is a very big country. It also has many big attractions.

The Big Banana

     The Big Banana is in Coffs Harbour. It was made in 1964 by John Landy. Landy wanted something to make people come to his fruit shop, so he built the Big Banana. The idea worked. Many people visited his fruit shop and took pictures of the Big Banana. Soon people all over Australia began making big things.

The Big Merino

     The Big Merino is in the city of Goulburn. Merinos are a type of sheep. They can live in dry weather. Some places in Australia are very dry, so these sheep are very important to the farmers there. Inside the Big Merino, there is a small museum about the history of wool in Australia.Visitors can also climb up to the Big Merion’s head and look at the view through its eyes.

二、词汇句型语法知识拓展

1.painter    paint

动词改为名词加上后缀-er

teach- teacher     sing-singer       

read-reader         visit- visitor        

invent-inventor

        有些动词加上-er或者加上-or变为名词多指男性，若指女性加后缀-ress

actor- actress         

waiter-waitress            

tailor-tailoress    

author-authoress

2.cook  n./v.

3.  I have some questions about dinosaurs.

   About指代内容比较普遍 ,on 暗指内容是专门的，是学术性的

4. There isn’t anybody in the room.

1)不定代词为单数

2)There be这里有

5. 复合不定代词

Is there anything on the blackboard? (P9)

Is there anything on the noticeboard? (P9)

Is there anybody above the teacher? (P9)

Is there anybody by the window? (P9)

Is there anything above the teacher? (P9)

Is there anything under the teacher's desk? (P9)

Is there anyone behind the teacher? (P9)

Is there anything on the bookcase? (P9)

Is there anyone next to the piano? (P9)

 Grammar复合不定代词 

 

1、some 和any

some 和any都可以修饰可数名词复数或者不可数名词，表示“一些…….”,但是二者在

用法上还是有一定的区别的。

2、some一般用于肯定句或者表示请、建议并希望得到肯定答复的疑问句中。

      David has some friends in shanghai.

      May I have some chicken?

      Would you like some noodles?

3、 any一般用于否定句和疑问句中

   Mary hasn’t got any pens.  玛丽没有钢笔。

  (1) It’s polite to take      flowers as a gift when you go to visit a friend.

  A. little      B. any         C. some

(2) There isn’t       water in the glass. Let’s go and get some.

    A. many   B. lots    C. any    D. some

4、复合不定代词高频考点

   1） I saw nobody.

   2）There is not anybody in the room.

   3）Is there anything on the bookcase?

复合不定代词 一般是用some, any, no, every与one, thing, body组合构成的。

 

4）一般来说，some构成的复合不定代词用于肯定句中，any构成的复合不定代词用于否定句或疑问句中。

5）复合不定代词作主语的时候，谓语用单数形式

   Somebody wants to see you.

6）形容词修饰复合不定代词的时候，要放在代词的后面

   Do you have anything important to tell us?

between

among

The moon is now __________ the trees.

The books are _________ the table.

There is a bridge ____________ the river.

6.It’s always useful to have an encyclopaedia around the house.(P10)

It’s +adj+for sb to do sth...对于某人来说做某事是.....

It为形式主语，没有实际意义，正真的主语是后面的不定式短语...

7. A week later....(P12)

       一段时间+later,表示一段时间之后，常用于过去时。

表将来的一段时间之后_________

8. 表花费：

    sb. spend(s) / spent … on sth.      

    sb. spend(s) / spent … (in) doing sth.    

    sb. pay(s)/ paid…for sth.

    sth. cost(s) sb. …                     

    it takes / took sb. … to do sth.

     注意各句型中主语、介词及动词(本身及后面接的动词)的形式

    I spent ten yuan  buying this book.

    = I spent ten yuan on this book.

    =This book cost me ten yuan.

   =I paid ten yuan  for this book.

    = It took me ten yuan to buy this book.

9. An encyclopaedia often consists of a numer of books. These books are called volumes.(P14)

     a number of & a lot of  许多(P14)

     a number of + 可数名词复数

     a lot of + 可数名词复数/不可数名词

    eg.

   A lot of people were queuing for the film.

许多人排队等著看那部电影.（可用a number of代替）

  I haven't got a lot of time.我时间不多了.(不可用a number of 代替)

        注：

短语the number of… (……的数目) 做主语时，谓语动词用单数。如：

  The number of the students in our school is 900. 我们学校的学生数目是900。

10. as +adj/adv(原级)+as 和…一样……       

 1. Some dinosaurs were as small aschickens.

 2. Others were as big as ten elephants.(P3)    

 3. I am as tall as my sister.我和姐姐一样高。（tall,形容词）

4. He works as hard as me. 他工作和我同样努力。(hard,副词)

5. She sings as well as me. 她唱得和我一样好。(well,副词)

6. He draws as carefully as his elder brother.他画画画得和他哥哥一样仔细认真。

7.The boy is as intelligent as his brother.

8.You should write as carefully as your father.

9.They speak as slowly as the old man.

1、as +形容词、副词（原级）as....

2、as 之后跟形容词的情况，如下：

   1) 在as ... as 之前是be 动词，第一个as之后跟形容词

   2) 在as ... as 之前是感官动词look, feel, smell, sound, taste,第一个as之后跟形容词：  

   3) 在as ... as 之前是：remain, keep, seem...第一个as之后跟形容词

3、在其它行为动词之后，第一个as 之后必须跟副词的情况：

  除以上1）、2）、3）所列动词的其他行为动词

否定形式:

not as/so + adj/adv(原级)+as 不如……一样

    He is not as tall as me.

    He is not so tall as me.

= He is shorter than me.

= I am taller than he.

11. Sometimes an encyclopaedia tells us where to look for more information on a similar subject..(P14)

              look for     find      find out

look for强调"找"的动作和过程。如：

I'm looking for my book. 我正在找我的书。

find强调"找"的结果，即"找"到还是没"找"到。

如：

I look for my book everywhere, but I can't find it. 我到处找我的书, 但没找到。

 

find out表示"查出, 努力查找"。往往是指通过努力去查明事情的真相或查找答案等。如：

 

The teacher tries to find out who is not in the classroom. 老师试着查出谁没在教室。

find表示"找到，发现"。往往是找到或发现的结果。如

I found my bike in the corner of a park.

I didn't find my key, so I was not able to go into my room.

     1. Many shoes nowadays are made of plastic or similar stuff. 如今，许多鞋子是用塑料或类似的材料制成的。

2. A cat is similar to a tiger in many respects. 猫和虎在很多方面相似。

  similar =the same

3. These two signatures are very similar, can you tell them apart? 这两处签名非常接近，你能把它们区分开来吗？

4. Similar conditions are to be found in other countries. 在其他国家也会发现同样的情形。

12.  It was made in 1964 by John Landy.(P13)

   这是一个被动句，谓语 was made 意为“被建造”

英语中有两个语态，主动语态和被动语态。

主动语态:

Many people    speak       English.

        主语            谓语动词     宾语

 被动语态:

   English    is spoken          by many people.

    主语     be+动词过去分词  by+主动语态中的主语

13.Landy wanted something to make people come to his fruit shop, so he built the Big Banana.(P13)

Make sb do sth.....have /let

14. Many people visited his fruit shop and took pictures of Big Banana.(P13)

   Take pictures/take photos of ......

15. Visitors can climb up to the Big Merino’s head and look at the view through its eyes..(P13)

Through 介词，通过，透过，强调从物体内部通过

   Look through      go through       

16.   Sometimes an encyclopaedia tells us where to look for more information on a similar subject..(P14)

    Information 信息，情报，资料。它是不可数名词，没有复数形式。

   Advice, music ,work, weather, fun.............

17. at the end of ........在......的末尾，在......的尽头（P4）

   There is a park at the end of the road.

    In the end 最后

18.When I was young, I used to keep a notebook.(P4)

   used to do.....       过去常常做某事    

  否定：didn’t use to........

19. They were not very good,but they helped me think and dream.

    Help sb to do sth 帮助某人做某事

    Help ab with sth......

She often helps me to study English.

=She often helps me with my English.

    Help oneself to ..........

    Can’t help doing .....

    She can’t help laughing.

20. As he grew older, he learnt to do many different things.

as的用法

 

① as引导时间状语从句时常可和when换用，但较强调同时发生，多指短暂动作。

As I left the house, I forgot the key.我离家时，忘了带钥匙。

② as还可说明两种正在发展或变化的情况，“随着...”的意思，表时间的推移。如：

As I get older, I get more optimistic.随着年龄的增长，我变得更加乐观。

③as表“一边…一边…”，引出伴随动作。

He hurried home, looking behind as he went.他匆忙地回家，边走边往后看。

④用以强调两个动作紧接着发生。

As he was going out, it began to rain.当他出去的时候，天开始下雨了。

⑤as有时引出一个名词，相当于一个时间状语从句。

As a boy (when he was a boy), he was hopeless at maths.

当他是孩子时，他对数学失去希望。

  4）as、when、while用法一览表。

  1.some一般用于肯定句或者表示请、建议并希望得到肯定答复的疑问句中。

      David has some friends in shanghai.

      May I have some chicken?

      Would you like some noodles?

 2. any一般用于否定句和疑问句中

   Mary hasn’t got any pens.  玛丽没有钢笔。

  (1) It’s polite to take      flowers as a gift when you go to visit a friend.

          A. little      B. any         C. some

(2) There isn’t       water in the glass. Let’s go and get some.

          A. many      B. lots         C. any       D. some

 

 

五、课文重点句型及短语归纳

     重点句型及其用法集萃

1、learn to do sth        学习做某事     

2、many +复数名词    许多……

3、as+形容词、副词的原级+as 与...一样...

4、used to do sth    过去常常做某事 

5、help sb. do sth   帮助某人做某事

6、remember to do sth  记着要去做某事

7、so much+不可数名词如此多的……

8、It is +形容词+to do sth 做某事是……的

9、一段时间+later     ……之后

10、make sb do sth使某人做某事

11、a number of +名词复数       许多……

12、learn about 了解

1. Look it up!  查阅一下。

●look up意为“查阅；查询”强调在词典、参考书等工具书里查询。如：

  We can look up new words in a dictionary. 我们可以在词典中查新的单词.

拓展：与look 相关的短语：

look around  向周围看    

look out 向外看；当心

look like 看起来像   

look the same 看起来相同     

look forward to 盼望

This morning I        some new restaurants on the Internet for I wanted to take Mia to a nice restaurant for her birthday.

   A. picked up       B. looked up        C. cleaned up       D. gave up

2. Da Vinci was born in the countryside. 达. 芬奇出生在农村。

●be born意为“出生”.其后可接地点或时间状语，接地点用in，接时间用on或in（具体某一天用on；出生于某年某月用in）如：

Tom was born in Guangzhou on 14 July 1999. 汤姆于1999年7月14日出生于广州。

●in the countryside 意为“在乡村，在农村”。如：

  When he was a child, he lived in the countryside with his grandparents.他小时候和祖父母一起居住在乡下。

3. From an early age, he showed great intelligence and artistic ability. 从很小的时候起，他就显示除了非凡的智慧和艺术才能

● from an early age 意为“从小起；从幼年起”.

4. As he grew older, he learnt to do many different things. 随着年龄的增长，他学会了很多不同的事情。

  ●as在本句中意为“当……时候；随着，是连词，引导时间状语从句，它类似于七下unit8语法板块中学过的引导时间状语从句的连词when，但是含有含有as 引导的时间状语从句，主从句的动作还可以表示“一边……一边……”之意。如：

The boy sang as he walked to school. 这个男孩边唱着歌边迈向学校走去.

5. For example, his notebooks include some interesting drawings of flying machines wanted to find.

例如，他的笔记本里就有一些飞行器的有趣的图片.

 ●for example 意为“例如” 用于列举上文中提到的人、事或物。如：.

 A lot of European countries are worth visiting, For example, I have been to the UK, France and Switzerland. 很多欧洲国家都值得一游，譬如我就去过英国、法国和瑞士。

●for example在句子中可以放在开头，也可以作为插入语放在句中。如：

You should visit Hangzhou. Lingyin Temple, for example, is very famous. 你应该去杭州游览。例如灵隐寺就很出名。

6. Dinosaurs lived on the Earth more than 60 million years before human beings. 恐龙比人类在地球上早出现6000多万年

  ●more than意为“多于；超过”。它的近义词是over，两者可以互相替换。如：

   It will take me more than/ over 2 hours to get to school. 我将要花费2个多小时去学校。

  ●more than的反义词 less than

7. Some dinosaurs were as small as chickens. Others were as big as ten elephants. 有些恐龙小如鸡仔，另一些则有十头大象那么大。

 ●as…as 中间加形容词的原级，表示“和……一样……”的意思，如：

  Amy is as tall as her sister. 埃米和她姐姐一样高

8. Then, suddenly, they all died out. 后来它们突然全部灭绝了。

  ●died out 意为“灭绝，消失”如：

How did dinosaurs die out? 恐龙是如何灭绝的。

能力提升

一．根据句意及首字母提示完成单词。

1. Edison was a great i___________ in the world.

2.--How much is the book?

   --20 d___________.

3. Sall was b____________ in a small town in London.

4.There are two _____________(笔记本)on the desk.

二．用所给单词的正确形式填空。

1.It is useful _____________(learn)a foreign language.

2.Can you help me __________(carry)the box ,lily?

3.Remember __________(write)to me when you get to Beijing.

4.I need some _______(photo).Do you have any?

5.About two __________(million)people listened to the programme.

三．单项选择

1.Listening is just as ____________as speaking in language learning.

A.important    B.more important      

C.most important    D.the most important

2.Do you have __________________ to say for our travel?

A.else anything   B.anything else     C.else something     D.something else

3.___________ birds died because of pollution.

A.Two millions    B.Millions of      C.Million of        D.Two millions of

4.There ___________ still some milk in the fridge. You don’t need to go to the store today.

A.am   B.is      C.are          D.be

5.What a fine day!Let’s go ___________ a walk.

A.for      B.at       C.out       D.in

6.The poor old man ___________ a week ago.

A.dead      B.death      C.dies        D.died

7.Don’t look _____________ the windows in class,We must listen to the teacher carefully.

A.out of      B.out     C.into      D.up

8.The PLA man saved three ________ lives in the accident.

A.chlidren’s        B.children      C.child        D.child’s

9.-Do you have _______ pencils?

  - No ,but I have________pens.

A.some,any       B.any,some         C.some,some     D.any,any

10.Nobody ___________ me English .I have to learn it by myself.

A.teach      B.teaches     C.teaching           D.to teach

三．完形填空。

Charles Dickens, one of the greatest English writers   1   born in 1812, in one of the small  2  of England.

　　When Dickens was nine years old,  the family   3   to London, the capital of England. There was several young children in the family. Their life was hard, so Dickens could not   4   to school.

　　Only until his father was   5   of prison, could Charles go to school. At that time, he was already twelve years old. But he did not finish school. Two years later he began  6  . The future writer often went to the library   7    books. He read   8   . Then Dickens wrote lots of novels all his life. Dickens   9   over a hundred years ago, but people are still reading his books  10   great interest.

　　(  ) 1. A. is               B. are                  C. was             D. were

　　(  ) 2. A. town          B. towns              C. family         D. country

　　(  ) 3. A. moves        B. moved            C. moving        D. to move

　　(  ) 4. A. went          B. go                   C. to go           D. going

　　(  ) 5. A. out             B. at                    C. off              D. up

　　(  ) 6. A. work          B. works              C. worked       D. to work

　　(  ) 7. A. read           B. reading            C. to read        D. reads

　　(  ) 8. A. a lot           B. many               C. a lot of        D. very much

　　(  ) 9. A. died           B. die                   C. dying          D. death

　　(  ) 10. A. to             B. in                    C. with           D. out

四．阅读理解

    Do you know that fish come out of eggs when they were born? After the baby fish comes out of the eggs, it eats the food in the eggs. When it is big enough, it leaves the egg. It swims in the water. You can see the eyes and the nose. Its ears are hidden (藏) in the head.

    Some fish eat other fish. The fish that eat plants have smaller mouths and teeth. The fish that eat other fish need larger mouths and strong teeth.

    Fish are usually dark on the top and light on the bottom..

(    ) 1 .Fish starts as __________.

     A. eggs      B. fish       C. food       D. Plants

 (    ) 2 .Fish leave eggs when___________.

     A. their mothers tell them to   B. they know how to swim

     C. they are big enough        D. they are still very small

(    ) 3 .At the very begining the baby fish _____________.

A.Eats the food in the water     B.eats the food in the eggs

C.drinks milks                 D.drinks water

(    ) 4 .While fish are swimming in the water, you cannot see their__________.

     A. tops    B. heads      C. eyes      D. ears

(    ) 5 .The fish with larger mouths and strong teeth are _________.

A. dark on the top and light on the bottom.   

B. light on the top and light on the bottom.

C. Fish eaters.                  D. plants eater.

五．句型转换

1.There was nobody in the classroom.(改为同义句)

There__________ ________ in the classroom.

2.Bill has some books about dinosaurs.(改为否定句)

Bill______ ______ _________ books about dinosaurs.

3.John was born in New York.(以划线部分提问)

                 John born?

4.He stayed there for two weeks?(以划线部分提问)

_______ __________ did he stay there?

5.I like the countryside because it’s beautiful?(以划线部分提问)

________ __________ you like the countryside?

六．作文

  根据内容要点提示用英文写一段文章，简单的介绍一下中国的国宝（national treasure）-大熊猫（panda）。次数80字左右。

产地：中国四川，甘肃等省份。

体貌特征：黑白相间毛皮（black and white fur）,大眼睛，身体虽胖但动作敏捷（move nimbly）,非常招人喜欢。

喜好：最爱吃竹子（bamboo），会爬树，游泳。

寿命：一般20-25年

数量：现在野外生存的仅有1000多只，我们必须努力保护好它们。

     Pandas are China’s national treasure._________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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