初中英语长难句——语篇从句讲义(初中学生版)

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初中英语阅读明白得之长难句分析讲义
语篇学语法——从句
IarrivedinLondononafoggyday,togotoaveryimportantmeeting.Theplacewherethemeetingwasgoingtobeheldwasontheothersideofthetown.Alltrafficcametoastopbecausethedriverswerenotabletoseemorethanayardinfrontofthem.Themeetingwouldbeginat9:00,soIdecidedtogothereonfoot.
Minuteslater,Iwascompletelylost.IstoodthereandthoughtthatIwouldhavetophonetothemeetingtoexplainthatIwasnotabletoarrivethereontime.ThenIheardayoungmansvoicecomingoutofthefog,“Isupposeyouarelost.CanIhelpyou?Iwasverygladtohaveamanwhocouldtakemetothemeeting.AfterwardItoldhimwhereIwantedtogo,tookhisarm,andwestarted.Wewalkedquitefast,turningcornersandcrossingroads.
AsIfollowedhimthroughthedarkstreets,Iwonderedwhyhefoundhiswaysoeasily.“IknowthispartofLondonquitewell,hesaid.Butinsuchafogitsimpossibletoseeanything,Isaid.
“Iamblind,sir.heanswered,Inthefog,itisexactlythesameformeasusual.在英语语法中,依照句子结构,英语句子要紧能够分为三种类型:简单句、并列句和复合句。1.简单句:最大体的句子类型,一个句子中只含有一个主谓结构。



EgMyunclegivesmeacamera.
2.并列句:由两个或两个以上独立的主谓结构或简单句并列在一路的,通经常使用并列连词


来连接两个或两个以上的句子,
EgJimwenttothepartylastnight,buthiswifedidnt..
Studyhardandyouwillmakeprogress.

3.复合句:由一个主句与一个或一个以上的从句(从句有相应的连词引导)组成的句子。因此,复合句含有两个或两个以上的主谓结构(完整的句子)句子与句子之间用连接词连接。其中,主句部份能够独立存在,但从句担当了主句某一句子成份,故通常不能独立存在。依照从句在句子中充当的成份,能够将其分为6类,即主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句、定语从句和状语从句。
※从句的本质

名词性从句
1.主语从句,而不是用单词或短语来充当主语。
eg:
(1Whatyouneedismorepractice.
(2Whenthemeetingwillbeheldhasnotbeenannounced.(3Thathewillnotattendthemeetingisclear.(4Whetheritwilldousharmorgoodisunknown.
注:有时,为了幸免将太长的主语放在句首而使句子显得头重脚轻,通常用代词it做形式主语,而将真正的主语从句放到句子的后面。例如:

(1Itisclearthathewillnotattendthemeeting.(2Itisunknownwhetheritwilldousharmorgood.
主语从句引导词:①连词that(在从句中不担任成份,本身没有词义)


②连词whether(意思是“是不是”
③连接代词whatwhateverwhowhoeverwhich等引导,④连接副词whenwherehowwhy等引导。
2.表语从句:。跟在系动词后面的句子成份确实是表语。
eg:(1ThatiswhatIwanttosay.what在从句中充当,不能省略)


(2Myopinionisthatweshouldmakeadecisionrightnow.
(that只引导,本身无词义,在从句中也不充当任何句子成份,能够省略(3Theproblemiswhoshouldberesponsibleforthiscaraccident.
(who在从句中当,不能省略)
(4WhatIwanttoknow从句)iswhoisinchargeofthework从句).
3.宾语从句:,在动词或介词的后面通常都跟有宾语。
引导宾语从句的连接词与主语从句和表语从句一样,是that,whether(if,whowhoeverwhichwhenwhere,how,whywhatwhatever等。例如本文中显现的几个宾语从句:
(1IstoodthereandthoughtthatIwouldhavetophonetothemeetingtoexplain
(用于引导从句的what和引导从句的who都不能省略
(5Itlooksasifitsgoingtorain.looks是系动词)
thatIwasnotabletoarrivethereontime.第③句是thought的宾语从句,第④句是explain的宾语从句。
(2Isuppose⑤youarelost.(这是suppose的宾语从句,省略了that.
(3AfterwardItoldhim⑦whereIwantedtogo,tookhisarm,andwestarted.(这是told的宾语从句,充当间接宾语,引导词where在从句中充当状语)
(4Iwondered⑨whyhefoundhiswaysoeasily.(wondered的宾从,why在从句中充当
状语)
另外:宾语从句除能够跟在及物动词以后外,还能够跟在介词的后面,充当介词的宾语。EgYourcompositionisquitegoodexceptthattherearesomespellingmistakes.

(充当介词except的宾语)
Whatweshouldtakewithus(主语从句)dependsonwherewellstay.(充当介词on的宾语)

在利用宾语从句时,要注意:1)宾语从句的时态

①当主句是过去时的某种时态时,从句的时态也要用相应的过去时的时态。
EgTheteacheraskedhimwhetherhehadstudiedEnglishfor6years.
②但如果是主句是此刻的时态,则从句的时态依照从句本身的实际情形而定。
EgIamgladthatyoupassedtheexam.
2that在引导宾语从句通常都省略,如上文中的第⑤句。
3)若是主句中it做形式宾语,而that引导宾语从句是真正的宾语时,that不能省略。EgManystudentstakeitforgrantedthattheirparentsshoulddoeverythingforthem.
it是形式宾语,that引导的宾语从句是真正的宾语,不能省略that

形容词性从句
5.定语从句:。在全句中相当于形容词,用来修饰先行词(即被定语从句修饰的词)——名词或代词,或修饰整个主句。定语从句属于非独立性从句,本身不能独立存在,应该紧跟在它的先行词以后。依照与先行词之间关系的紧密程度,定语从句分为两类:限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。由关系代词(who,whom,whose,which,that,as或关系副词(when,where,why引导的从句,
限制性定语从句:与先行词的关系紧密,若是将定语从句删掉,那么剩下的主句部份就会含混不清,另外,限制性定语从句之前不用标点符号。
如上文中:Theplacewherethemeetingwasgoingtobeheldwasontheothersideofthetown.

Iwasverygladtohaveamanwhocouldtakemetothemeeting.
非限制性定语从句:对先行词做进一步的说明或说明,若是删除掉,不阻碍整个句子的大体意思,通经常使用逗号与主句部份分开。例如:


(1Astudent,whosenameIdontknow,comestoseeyou.(2TheywillflytoLondon,wheretheyplantostayforaweek.(3Tomdidntpassthemathsexam,whichmadehisparentsangry.
(4OneofthemostsenicareasistheLoireValley,whereyoucanvisittheoldcastlesin
whichthekingsandqueensofFranceusedtolive.
分析:在上文第①句Theplacewherethemeetingwasgoingtobeheldwasonthe
othersideofthetown.中,主句部份是Theplacewasontheothersideofthetown.由关系副词where引导的从句wherethemeetingwasgoingtobeheld是表示地址的先行词theplace的定语,引导词where在从句中充当地址状语,相当于intheplace
1需要注意的是,当先行词是表示地址的名词时,引导词能够是关系代词thatwhich但有时也用关系副词where。例如:
(1Thisistheplacewhich/thatwevisitedlastyear.(2ThisistheplacewhereIonceworked.
具体区别在于:引导词thatwhich是关系代词,在从句中要充当主语或宾语。
在第(1句中,which/that在定语从句中相当于语;而引导词where是关系副词,在定语从句中只能担当状语,如第(2句中,where语,相当于,从句能够明白得为:.
2另外,当先行词是表示时刻的名词时,定语从句的引导词一样能够是thatwhich,有时也用when,其区别也是如此:that/which在定语从句中充当主语或宾语,而关系副词when则在所引导的定语从句中充当时刻状语。例如:
(1Weoftenthinkofthedayswhich/thatwespenttogetherontheisland.(2Weoftenthinkofthedayswhenweworkedtogetherinthetown.
尽管这两个句子的先行词都是thedays,可是在第一句中,which/that相当于在定语从句中做谓语动词语;在第二句中,when相当于,,在定语从

句中做语:
还有一个关系副词why能够用于引导限制性定语从句,其先行词只能是reasonwhy指缘故,在定语从句中只能做缘故状语。例如:
ThereasonwhyIwaslatefortheclasswasthatImissedthebus.
在上文的第⑥句中:Iwasverygladtohaveamanwhocouldtakemetothemeeting.主句部份是Iwasverygladtohaveaman,定语从句是由关系代词who引导的,其先行词是aman。当先行词是人时,其定语从句的引导词能够是whowhom,也能够是that。例如:
Whereistheman(who/whom/thatIsawyesterday.
用于引导定语从句中引导词还有关系代词whom,whose,whichas,其具体用法如下:1.whom:先行词必需是人,whom在定语从句中只能做宾语。例如:


HeisthemanwhomImetyesterday.
该句中的whom能够换成whothat也能够省略。whothat在定语从句中能够充当主语和宾语,因此,当定语从句的引导词在从句中担当宾语时,whothatwhom能够互换,也能够省略。可是,若是在引导词前面显现了介词,则只能利用whom。例如:
IlikemyEnglishteacher,fromwhomIlearnalot.
若是先行词是并列情形,既有人又有物时,只能用that。例如:
Theytalkedabouttheteachersandschoolsthattheyhadvisited.(先行词既有人—teachers,又有物——schools
2.whose:相当于形容词性的物主代词,是唯一一个能够在所引导的定语从句中充当定语的引导词,其先行词能够是物,也能够是人。例如:

(1Youaretheonlypersonwhoseadvicehemightlistento.(先行词是人)(2I’dlikearoomwhosewindowfacessouth.(先行词是物)
3.which:其先行词只能是物,在定语从句中做主语或宾语,在做宾语时,能够省略。多数情形下能够与that互换。例如:


(1Thisisthephotowhichshowsmylittlepetcat.
which在定语从句中做主语,不能省略,能够换成that
(2I’velostthewatchwhichIboughtlastweek.
which在定语从句中做bought的宾语,能够省略,能够换成that
可是,which能够引导非限制性定语从句,或指代前面整个主句的意思,而that却不能够。egTheyhavethreehouses,whicharebuiltofstone.which在引导一个非限制性定语从句)
ShemarriedTom,whichsurprisedeveryone.(whichShemarriedTom这件事,不能
that
若是在表示物的先行词后面有介词,引导词不能用that,只能用which。例如:
Thetrainonwhichshewastravelingwaslate.
4.as:关系代词,经常使用于两个句型中:suchas(像……一样的)thesameas和……一样的),其中,suchsame作定语,修饰主句中的名词或代词——先行词,as在所引导的定语从句中担任主语、宾语和表语。例如:
SuchcountriesaslieintheMiddleAmericaaresmallinarea.such修饰先行词countriesas在所引导的定语从句中充当主语)Heisnotthesamemanashewas.
thesame修饰先行词manas在所引导的定语从句中充当表语)
另外,as还能够引导非限制性定语从句,所引导的定语从句能够位于主句的后面,也能够位于主句的前面,用来指代整个句子或主句的一部份,并对其加以补充或说明。例如:
Thiselephantislikeasnake,as/whicheverybodycansee.(which在引导非限制性定语从句的时候,只能放在主句的后面。
Aseverybodycansee,thiselephantislikeasnake.


副词性从句
6.状语从句:,能够修饰谓语或整个句子。能够表示地址、

时刻、缘故、目的、结果、妥协、方式、比较、条件等。
时刻状语从句:经常使用于引导时刻状语从句的连词有:when,while,as,assoonas,before,after,till,until,since,directly,immediately,themoment/second/minute/instant(that(一……就……),everytime(每次),eachtime(每次)等。例如上文中的第⑧句:
AsIfollowedhimthroughthedarkstreets,Iwonderedwhyhefoundhiswayso
easily.
Eg:I’lltellhimthenewstheminutehegetshere.IwaswatchingTVwhenmymothercamein.
Donotstopeverytimeyoucometoawordorphraseyoudon’tknow.I’llspeaktohimassoonashecomesback.
Theyoungmanphonedhismotherimmediatelyhereachedtheuniversity.Hehadscarcelyenteredtheroomwhenitbegantorain.
地址状语从句:经常使用于引导地址状语从句的连词有wherewherever。例如:
Wherethereisawill,thereisaway.
缘故状语从句:经常使用于引导缘故状语从句的连词有:because,since(nowthat,as,for等。
例如上文中的第②句话:Alltrafficcametoastopbecausethedriverswerenotableto
seemorethanayardinfrontofthem.
目的状语从句:常由连词sothat,sothat,inorderthat引导。例如:
Eg:Hestudiesveryhardsothathemaypassthefinalexam.
Hestudiessohardthathemaypassthefinalexam.
结果状语从句:常由连词sothat,sothat,suchthat…等引导。例如:

HespokeveryclearlysothatIunderstoodhimquitewell.
妥协状语从句:多由连词though(尽管),although(尽管),evenif(即便),eventhough(即便),while(但是),whereas(尽管,可是)等引导。例如:
Althoughitiswinter,itisnotverycold.although同于though,注意不要与but连用)Evenifitisraining,wellgo.(同于eventhoughTheywantahouse,whereaswewouldratherliveinaflat.
方式状语从句:多由as,asif,though引导。例如:
Ihavechangedtheplanasyousuggest.
Outteacherlovesusasif/asthoughwewereherchildren.(从句中利用了虚拟语气)
比较状语从句:经常使用thanas引导。例如:
ThisquestionismoredifficultthanIthought.
条件状语从句:由连词if,unless(=ifnot若是不),given(that鉴于、若是),supposing(that(假设),assuming(that(假设),providing(that(假设)等引导。例如:
Ifitrainstomorrow,wewillnotgotothepark.
Unlesshestudieshard,hewillneverpasstheexamination.
注意:if引导的条件状语从句有两种情形:一种是表示可能成为现实的情形,即真实条件句;可是若是假设的情形完全不存在或实现的可能性极小,能够说几乎没有时,确实是非真实条件句,即虚拟条件句(虚拟语气)
结论:
不管是哪一类从句,本质都是,必需是一个完整的句子,要具有完整的句子结构;第二,必需有连词引发句子;第三,从句都应利用陈述语序——(这是什么缘故呢?
大显身手:
Directions:Thereare20incompletesentencesinthissection.Foreachsentence,thereare4

choicesofwordsmarkedA,B,CandD.ChoosetheONEanswerthatbestcompletesthesentences.
1.Doyouremembertheday____hefelloffthetree?A.which

B.that


C.when



D.where
2.Itwasn’tsuchagooddinner____shehadpromisedus.A.that


B.which


C.as


D.what
3.Thebabydidntstopcrying____themothercamein.A.until


B.when



C.assoonas

D.as
4.Youseethelightning____ithappens,butyouhearthethunderlater.A.intheminute
B.theminute
C.fortheminute
D.ontheminute
5.Ihavenotfoundmybookyet;Iamnotsure____Icouldhavedonewithit.A.whether

B.why


C.what



D.when
6.AlthoughAnneishappywithhersuccess,shewonders____willhappentoherfamily.A.that


B.what


C.it




D.this
7.Thereisnodoubt____hewillsooncome.A.that


B.why


C.if



D.whether
8.Dontgointothatoldhouse____therearemanymice.A.which

B.that


C.what



D.where
9.Thespeakertalkedofsomewritersandbooks____wereunknowntous.A.who
10.____istrue.
A.ThattheearthisroundC.Whattheearthisround11.Thatis____.



B.TheearthisroundD.Whichtheearthisround


B.that


C.whom

D.which

A.whatshouldwedoC.whereweshoulddo




B.whereshouldwedoD.whatweshoulddo
12.Canyoumakesure____thering?A.whereshehasputC.whatshehasput




B.wherehassheputD.whichhassheput
13.____everybodyishere,letsbeginourmeeting.A.although



B.evenif


C.since



D.unless
14.Theyare____interestingbooks____Iwanttobuyallofthem.A.sothat



B.suchathat

C.suchanthatD.suchthat
15.Weareallforyourproposalthatthediscussion____.A.beputoffC.shouldputoff




B.wasputoff
D.istoputoff
16.Isawsometrees____leaveswereblackwithdisease.A.that



B.which



C.as


D.whose
17.Ihavethesametrouble____youhave.A.which


B.that



C.as


D.when
18.Itwassuggestedthathe____toBeijingonbusinessfirst.A.go



B.shouldwent


C.goes



D.went
19.Youmustact____youaretoldto.A.like



B.as




C.that


D./
20.Myfatherdoesntwanttobuyacarnow,____heneedsoninfact.A.though


B.but



C.so


D.because
答案:1~5CCABC6~10BADBA11~15DACDA16~20DCABA


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