英语句子结构
一，按句子结构分，句子可分为三类：简单句，并列句，复合句。
二，简单句的结构五大类型：（1）主语+不及物动词谓语
（2）主语+及物动词谓语+宾语
（3）主语+及物动词谓语+间接宾语（人）+直接宾语（物）
（见附录：可接双宾语的38个常用动词）
（4）主语+及物动词谓语+宾语+宾语补足语
（5）主语+系动词+表语
三， 英语句子的成分：主语，谓语，宾语，表语，同位语，补语，定语，状语。独立成分。
1. 英语单词的词性: 1 名词 noun（n） 2 代词 pronoun （pron.） 3 形容词 adjective （adj）. 4 副词 adverb （adv.） 5 动词 verb (vt. vi. Link v) 6 数词 numeral (num). 7 冠词 article (art.) 8 介词 preposition (prep). 9 连词 conjunction (conj.) 10 感叹词 interjection (interj).前六类叫实词，后四类叫虚词。
2. 主语：主语是一个句子的主干部分之一，通常由名词、代词、数词、动词不定式、动名词主语从句充当，正常语序中，主语在一个句子的句首。
Betty likes her new bike.（名词）。
They usually go to school on foot. （代词）。
Two plus two is four. （数词）
To learn a foreign language is not easy. （动词不定式短语）
Playing basketball after school is great fun. （动名词短语）
That the earth runs around the sun is known to everyone. （主语从句）
It is known to everyone that the earth runs around the sun. （主语从句）
谓语：和主语一样，是一个句子的主干部分之一，表示主语所做到动作、具有的特征及所处的状态。通常由动词充当实义动词、 连系动词、情态动词及助动词。情态动词和助动词不能单独充当谓语，它们必须和实义动词或系动词一起构成谓语。实义动词包括及物动词和不及物动词，及物动词后要带宾语。通常情况下，谓语位于主语之后。
They work very hard. （行为动词）
Tom feels much better now. （系动词+表语）
We can speak English very well. （情态动词+实义动词）
They are playing over there. （助动词+实义动词）
表语：表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（状态系动词<即be动词>、持续系动词< keep保持, remain仍然, stay保持>、表像系动词< seem看起来像, look看起来像>、感官系动词< feel感觉起来, smell闻起来, sound听起来, taste尝起来, look看起来 >、变化系动词<become变得, turn变得, get变得, go变得>、终止系动词<prove证实>）之后用来说明主语的身份、特征或状态。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。
Her sister is a nurse. （名词）
When she heard the news, she got angry. （形容词）
His cup is broken. （过去分词）
----where are you?
----I’m here. （副词）
Why didn’t I go to school? The reason is that I was ill. （从句）
注意：现在分词作表语不要与现在进行时混淆：
My job is putting these parts together.（现在分词做表语）
I am putting these parts together.（现在进行时）
宾语：宾语表示谓语动词动作的对象或承爱者，一般接在及物动词后面或介词后面。通常由名词、代词、数词、动词不定式、动名词以及宾语从句构成。
Tom bought a storybook last week. （名词）
----How many books do you want?----I want seven. （数词）
He wanted to have a cup of tea. （动词不定式短语）
He enjoys playing basketball. （动名词短语）
Our teacher said that he would go there. （宾语从句）
有些动词需要带两个宾语，一个是直接宾语，另一个是间接宾语。（双宾语）
Please show me you ticket. （间接宾语+直接宾语）
指人的通常是间接宾语，指物的通常是直接宾语。如give, show, send, bring等
Will you give me some milk?= Will give some milk to me?
同位语：当两个指同一人或事物的句子成分放在同等位置时，若其中一个句子成分是用于说明或解释另一个句子成分的，那么用于起说明或解释作用的句子成分就叫做另一成分的同位语。
Mr. Smith,our new teacher,is very kind to us.
He told me that his brother John is a world-famous doctor.
We Chinese people are brave and hardworking.
补语：英语补语的作用对象是主语和宾语,具有鲜明的定语性描写或限制性功能,在句法上是不可或缺的。补语是起补充说明作用的成份。最常见的是宾语补足语。名词、动名词、形容词、副词、不定式、现在分词、过去分词都可以在句子中作宾补。
①宾语补足语：英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般词语为：某些及物动词（如make等+宾语+宾补等使役动词，半系词见表语系动词部分）。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。
注意：使役动词是表示使、令、让、帮、叫等意义的不完全及物动词,主要有ask(让).make(使,令), let(让), help(帮助), have(有；让；从事；允许；拿)等。
You may call me Charles or Mr. liu. （名词）
We must keep our classroom clean. （形容词）
John asked me to help him. （动词不定式短语）
Keep the lights on while you are out. （副词）
We made him clean the room yesterday. （动词不定式短语）
----he was made to clean the room yesterday.(主语补足语)
I found it pleasant to be with your family.（it 做形式宾语）
To her surprise, she found herself in a different world.
②主语补足语：补充说明主语的特性或所处状态的句子成分，可由名词、分词、形容词、不定式、介词短语和从句从当
The dog is called Karl.（名词）
He was seen playing basketball yesterday.（现在分词）
The door was painted white. （形容词）
The glass was found broken. （过去分词）
He was seen to come upstairs.（动词不定式）
He was found in good health.（介词短语）
The boy has been made what he is.（从句）
定语：修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。可由形容词，物主代词，名词，动名词，现在分词，过去分词，不定式短语，介词短语，定语从句充当。分为前置定语和后置定语。
This is a green jeep. （形容词）
The building is their teaching-building. （形容词性物主代词）
The woman doctor is his wife. （名词）
Attention, please. I have something to tell you. （动词不定式短语）
The man in front of the gate is Mr. Li. （介词短语）
There is something wrong with my tape-recorder. （形容词后置）
Every student has an English book. （不定代词）
The book that I bought yesterday is written by Lu Xun.. （从句）
单个单词作定语一般位于被修饰的名词或代词前，但是当形容词修饰不定代词如something, everything, anything, nothing, someone,等时，常常放在这些词后面。
--- is there anything serious？
---no, nothing serious.
He has something important to do this afternoon.
短语和定语从句必须放在被修饰词的后面。
This is the book that I want to buy.
The book on the desk is mine.
The man standing under the tree is Mr. Guo.
The book given to him is written in English.
状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。可由副词，形容词，动名词，现在分词，过去分词，不定式短语，介词短语，状语从句充当。状语的功能：状语说明地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、方向、程度、方式和伴随状况等。
You are quite right. （副词）
She will arrive on Monday. （介词短语）
He came here in order to learn English. （动词不定式短语）
We are on holiday today. （名词）
If it rains tomorrow, we’ll stay at home. （从句）
As soon as she comes back, I’ll go and see her. （从句）
独立成分：与主句没有语法关系的句子成分叫做句子的独立成分。
Oh, you are late for school.
独立主格结构：是由名词或代词作为逻辑主语，加上名词、分词、形容词、副词、动词不定式或介词短语作为逻辑谓语构成。这种结构在形式上与主句没有关系，通常称为“独立主格结构”。通常句子中做状语或定语
独立主格结构的构成： 1）名词(代词)+现在分词、过去分词；2）名词(代词)+形容词；3）名词(代词)+副词；4）名词(代词)+不定式；5）名词(代词) +介词短语构成。
6）名词/代词+名词
独立主格结构的特点： 1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。 2）名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定式，介词等是主谓关系。 3）独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。 The test finished, we began our holiday. （名词(代词)+过去分词）
Winter coming, it gets colder and colder. （名词(代词)+现在分词）
He came into the room, his ears red with cold.（名词(代词) +介词短语）
It stood silent in the noon sunlight, its door open.（名词(代词)+形容词）
Nobody in, the thief took a lot of things away.（名词(代词)+副词）
A girl came in, book in hand. （名词/代词+名词）
We divided the work, he to clean the windows and I to sweep the floor. （名词(代词)+不定式）
语法练习：分析下列句子的成分
1. They don't swim very well.
2. To love others makes us happy；to love ourselves makes us lonely.
3. We are made happy to love others；we are made lonely to love ourselves.
4. They fought against SARS bravely.
5. They are going to Melbourne, the beautiful city in southern Australia.
6. It is very comfortable to have a Class A seat during the long journey.
7.Mr. Smith,our new teacher,is very kind to us.
8.He is interested in sports,especially ball games.
9.He asked you boys to be quiet.
10. Her uncle bought her an English-Chinese dictionary yesterday.
11. He fought the wolf, a stick his only weapon.
12. He wants me to go to school.
13.He wants to go to school.
本文来源：https://www.2haoxitong.net/k/doc/0528837c8e9951e79b892760.html
文档为doc格式